Abstract
Purpose
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) includes heterogeneous presentation of the disease including lymph node involvement and large tumour volumes with infiltration of the mediastinum, heart or spine. In the treatment of stage III NSCLC an interdisciplinary approach including radiotherapy is considered standard of care with acceptable toxicity and improved clinical outcome concerning local control. Furthermore, gross tumour volume (GTV) changes during definitive radiotherapy would allow for adaptive replanning which offers normal tissue sparing and dose escalation.
Methods
A literature review was conducted to describe the predictive value of GTV changes during definitive radiotherapy especially focussing on overall survival. The literature search was conducted in a two-step review process using PubMed®/Medline® with the key words “stage III non-small cell lung cancer” and “radiotherapy” and “tumour volume” and “prognostic factors”.
Results
After final consideration 17, 14 and 9 studies with a total of 2516, 784 and 639 patients on predictive impact of GTV, GTV changes and its impact on overall survival, respectively, for definitive radiotherapy for stage III NSCLC were included in this review. Initial GTV is an important prognostic factor for overall survival in several studies, but the time of evaluation and the value of histology need to be further investigated. GTV changes during RT differ widely, optimal timing for re-evaluation of GTV and their predictive value for prognosis needs to be clarified. The prognostic value of GTV changes is unclear due to varying study qualities, re-evaluation time and conflicting results.
Conclusion
The main findings were that the clinical impact of GTV changes during definitive radiotherapy is still unclear due to heterogeneous study designs with varying quality. Several potential confounding variables were found and need to be considered for future studies to evaluate GTV changes during definitive radiotherapy with respect to treatment outcome.
Zusammenfassung
Zielsetzung
Das Bronchialkarzinom ist die häufigste Ursache krebsbedingter Mortalität weltweit. Das Stadium III des nicht-kleinzelligen Bronchialkarzinoms (NSCLC) präsentiert sich als heterogene Patientengruppe mit Lymphknotenbeteiligung und großen Tumoren mit Infiltration von Mediastinum, Herz und Wirbelsäule. Ein interdisziplinäres Behandlungskonzept mit Strahlentherapie ist Therapiestandard in der Behandlung des Stadium III mit akzeptabler Toxizität und verbessertem klinischen Ergebnis hinsichtlich lokaler Kontrolle. Veränderungen des Tumorvolumens (GTV) unter Strahlentherapie ermöglichen eine adaptive Bestrahlungsplanung mit Normalgewebeschonung und Dosiseskalation.
Methoden
Durchgeführt wurde eine Literaturrecherche zum prädiktiven Wert von GTV-Veränderungen unter Strahlentherapie mit dem Endpunkt „Gesamtüberleben“. Die Recherche wurde in einem zweistufigen Verfahren unter Verwendung von Medline/Pubmed mit den Stichwörtern „stage III non-small cell lung cancer“ und „radiotherapy“ und „tumour volume“ und „prognostic factors“ durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse
Nach finaler Bewertung blieben 17, 14 und 9 Studien mit 2516, 784 und 639 Patienten zum prädiktiven Einfluss von GTV, GTV-Veränderung und dessen Einfluss auf das Gesamtüberleben übrig und wurden in den Review aufgenommen. Das initiale GTV war in verschiedenen Studien ein wichtiger prognostischer Faktor für das Gesamtüberleben. Zeitpunkt der Evaluation und Einfluss der Histologie müssen jedoch weiter untersucht werden. GTV-Veränderungen unter Strahlentherapie variieren sehr. Der optimale Zeitpunkt für eine Reevaluation des GTVs für den prädiktiven Wert auf die Prognose ist unklar. Der prognostische Wert von GTV-Veränderungen ist aufgrund unterschiedlicher Studienqualität und Reevaluationszeitpunkte sowie widersprüchlicher Ergebnisse nicht eindeutig.
Schlussfolgerung
Der klinische Einfluss von GTV-Veränderungen unter definitiver Strahlentherapie bleibt aufgrund des heterogenen Studiendesigns und der variablen Studienqualität unklar. Verschiedene potenziell beeinflussende Faktoren wurden gefunden, die in weiteren Studien zur Klärung des prognostischen Werts von GTV-Veränderungen unter Strahlentherapie berücksichtigt werden sollten.
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Funding
The study is partly funded by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Radioonkologie (ARO).
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L. Käsmann, M. Niyazi, O. Blanck, C. Baues, R. Baumann, S. Dobiasch, C. Eze, D. Fleischmann, T. Gauer, F.A. Giordano, Y. Goy, J. Hausmann, C. Henkenberens, D. Kaul, L. Klook, D. Krug, M. Mäurer, C.M. Panje, J. Rosenbrock, L. Sautter, D. Schmitt, C. Süß, A.H. Thieme, M. Trommer-Nestler, S. Ziegler, N. Ebert, D. Medenwald and C. Ostheimer; YoungDEGROTrialGroup declare that they have no competing interests.
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D. Medenwald and C. Ostheimer shared corresponding/senior authorship.
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Käsmann, L., Niyazi, M., Blanck, O. et al. Predictive and prognostic value of tumor volume and its changes during radical radiotherapy of stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 194, 79–90 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066-017-1221-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066-017-1221-y
Keywords
- Stage III lung cancer
- Literature review
- Clinical multicenter trial
- Tumor volume changes
- Definitive radiotherapy