Zusammenfassung
Die Herzfrequenz ist in der Diagnostik des Schocks gut etabliert. Die Mechanismen, die der Regulation von Herzfrequenz, Gefäßwiderstand und Blutdruck zugrunde liegen, sind jedoch wenig bekannt. Das Konzept, die im Schock häufig vorliegende Tachykardie zu begrenzen, um die Hämodynamik zu optimieren, ist mindestens 50 Jahre alt. Das Auftreten hoher Herzfrequenzen im septischen Schock konnte als Indikator einer zunehmend ineffizienten Hämodynamik, verschlechterten Perfusion und Organfunktion sowie als prognostisch ungünstig identifiziert werden. Da die Mehrzahl der Pharmaka, die die Herzfrequenz senken, auch eine Blutdrucksenkung bewirkt, war die Herausforderung dieses therapeutischen Ansatzes, das Optimum zwischen ausreichender Frequenzkontrolle und unkritischer Blutdrucksenkung zu erzielen. Jedoch konnte erst in den letzten Jahren mit der Entwicklung hochkardioselektiver und kurz- und ultrakurzwirksamer β‑Blocker wie Esmolol und Landiolol gezeigt werden, dass die Herzfrequenzkontrolle in einigen Schockformen einen sinnvollen und nützlichen Therapieansatz darstellt.
Abstract
Heart rate is well established in the diagnosis of shock; however, the mechanisms regulating heart rate, systemic resistance and blood pressure remain unclear. The concept of heart rate control in shock-related tachycardia has been known for about 50 years. Elevated heart rates in septic shock have been identified as an indicator of increasingly inefficient hemodynamics, worsening perfusion and organ function as well as of an unfavourable prognosis. Many drugs used for heart rate control also lower blood pressure. The challenge of this therapeutic concept is achieving optimal heart rate control without provoking critical hypotension. Only in recent years has the development of highly cardioselective, short- and ultrashort-acting β‑blockers such as esmolol and landiolol made it possible to prove the feasibility and usefulness of heart rate control in certain types of shock.
Literatur
Soma J, Aakhus S, Dahl K, Slørdahl S, Wiseth R, Widerøe TE (1996) Hemodynamics in white coat hypertension compared to ambulatory hypertension and normotension. Am J Hypertens 9:1090–1098
Pierdomenico SD, Bucci A, Lapenna D, Cuccurullo F, Mezzetti A (2001) Clinic and ambulatory heart rate in sustained and white-coat hypertension. Blood Press Monit 6:239–244
Halliwill JR (2001) Mechanisms and clinical implications of post-exercise hypotension in humans. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 29:65–70
Izzo JL, Anwar MA, Elango K, Ahmed R, Osmond P (2019) Decoupling of heart rate and blood pressure: hemodynamic counter-regulatory mechanisms and their implications. Artery Res 25:87–94
Bosch NA, Cimini J, Walkey AJ (2018) Atrial fibrillation in the ICU. Chest 154:1424–1434
Berk JL, Hagen JF, Maly G, Koo R (1972) The treatment of shock with beta adrenergic blockade. Arch Surg 104:46–51
Benedict CR, Rose JA (1992) Arterial norepinephrine changes in patients with septic shock. Circ Shock 38:165–172
Sander O, Welters ID, Foëx P, Sear JW (2005) Impact of prolonged elevated heart rate on incidence of major cardiac events in critically ill patients with a high risk of cardiac complications. Crit Care Med 33:81–88 (discussion 241–242)
Schmittinger CA, Torgersen C, Luckner G, Schröder DCH, Lorenz I, Dünser MW (2012) Adverse cardiac events during catecholamine vasopressor therapy: a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med 38:950–958
Morelli A, Ertmer C, Westphal M et al (2013) Effect of heart rate control with esmolol on hemodynamic and clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310:1683–1691
Fuchs C, Wauschkuhn S, Scheer C, Vollmer M, Meissner K, Kuhn S‑O, Hahnenkamp K, Morelli A, Gründling M, Rehberg S (2017) Continuing chronic beta-blockade in the acute phase of severe sepsis and septic shock is associated with decreased mortality rates up to 90 days. Br J Anaesth 119:616–625
Hennen R, Friedrich I, Hoyer D et al (2008) Autonome Dysfunktion und Betablocker beim Multiorgandysfunktionssyndrom. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 133:2500–2504
Schmidt H, Müller-Werdan U, Hoffmann T et al (2006) Attenuated autonomic function in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome across three age groups. Biomed Tech 51:264–267
Schmidt H, Lotze U, Ghanem A et al (2014) Relation of impaired interorgan communication and parasympathetic activity in chronic heart failure and multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome. J Crit Care 29:367–373
Domanovits H, Wolzt M, Stix G (2018) Landiolol: pharmacology and its use for rate control in atrial fibrillation in an emergency setting. Eur Heart J Suppl 20:A1–A3
Matsuda N, Nishida O, Taniguchi T et al (2020) Impact of patient characteristics on the efficacy and safety of landiolol in patients with sepsis-related tachyarrhythmia: Subanalysis of the J‑Land 3S randomised controlled study. EClinicalMedicine 28:100571
Kakihana Y, Nishida O, Taniguchi T, Okajima M, Morimatsu H, Ogura H, Yamada Y, Nagano T, Morishima E, Matsuda N (2020) Efficacy and safety of landiolol, an ultra-short-acting β1-selective antagonist, for treatment of sepsis-related tachyarrhythmia (J-Land 3S): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 8:863–872
Hasegawa D, Sato R, Prasitlumkum N, Nishida K, Takahashi K, Yatabe T, Nishida O (2021) Effect of ultrashort-acting β‑blockers on mortality in patients with sepsis with persistent tachycardia despite initial resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest 159:2289–2300
Plosker GL (2013) Landiolol: a review of its use in Intraoperative and postoperative tachyarrhythmias. Drugs 73:959–977
Levy B, Fritz C, Piona C, Duarte K, Morelli A, Guerci P, Kimmoun A, Girerd N (2021) Hemodynamic and anti-inflammatory effects of early esmolol use in hyperkinetic septic shock: a pilot study. Crit Care 25:21
Hasegawa D, Sato R, Nishida O (2021) β1-blocker in sepsis. j intensive care 9:39
Bosch NA, Rucci JM, Massaro JM, Winter MR, Quinn EK, Chon KH, McManus DD, Walkey AJ (2021) Comparative Effectiveness of Heart Rate Control Medications for the Treatment of Sepsis-Associated Atrial Fibrillation. Chest 159:1452–1459
Izco PM, Castejón B, Piedras MJ, Zamorano JL, Sanmartín M, Zaragoza C (2017) Effects of Ivabradine on heart rate and Hemodynamic parameters in a swine model of cardiogenic shock. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 70:1139–1141
Nuding S, Schröder J, Presek P, Wienke A, Müller-Werdan U, Ebelt H, Werdan K (2018) Reducing elevated heart rates in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome with the if (funny channel current) inhibitor Ivabradine. Shock 49:402–411
Barillà F, Pannarale G, Torromeo C et al (2016) Ivabradine in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: a preliminary randomized prospective study. Clin Drug Investig 36:849–856
Werdan K, Boeken U, Briegel MJ et al (2021) Short version of the 2nd edition of the German-Austrian S3 guidelines “Cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction-Diagnosis, monitoring and treatment”. Anaesthesist 70:42–70
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Interessenkonflikt
H. Lemm und M. Buerke geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.
Additional information
Redaktion
Michael Buerke, Siegen
Alexander Geppert, Wien
QR-Code scannen & Beitrag online lesen
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lemm, H., Buerke, M. Herzfrequenzkontrolle im Schock. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 117, 200–205 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-022-00908-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-022-00908-6