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Hauptstammintervention – Ist ein Stent doch besser als zwei?

Main stem intervention—Is one stent better than two after all?

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Zusammenfassung

In den aktuellen Leitlinienempfehlungen der European Society of Cardiology (ESC) werden die perkutane Koronarintervention (PCI) und die Bypassoperation für die Behandlung der Hauptstammstenose gleichermaßen berücksichtigt. Aufgrund der anatomischen Gegebenheiten stellt die interventionelle Behandlung einer Hauptstammstenose eine komplexe PCI dar. Aus diesem Grund ist eine umfangreiche Planung der PCI mit Einsatz der intravaskulären Bildgebung notwendig, um das Ausmaß der Kalzifikation im Bereich des Hauptstamms selbst, aber auch im proximalen Gefäßabschnitt des Ramus interventrikularis anterior („left anterior descending“, LAD) und des Ramus circumflexus (RCX) zu beurteilen. Weiterhin ist eine Beurteilung der Gefäßdiameter für die Planung der PCI wie auch für die Stentauswahl erforderlich. Gerade bei stark verkalkten Läsionen ist eine sorgfältige und routinemäßige Präparation der zu behandelnden Läsion unumgänglich. Hierfür können sog. Cutting-Ballons oder Scoring-Ballons bzw. „debulking devices“ (Rotablation, orbitale Atherektomie) zum Einsatz kommen. Bei einer Hauptstammstenose mit Beteiligung der Bifurkation ist die Auswahl der Stentstrategie abhängig vom Ausmaß der Kalzifikation der Tochtergefäße (LAD und RCX) wie auch von der Komplexität der Bifurkationsstenose. Die Überlegenheit der sog. DK(„double kissing“)-Crush-Technik gegenüber einer 1‑Stent-Strategie konnte in einer randomisierten Studie bestätigt werden und sollte bei Hauptstammbifurkationsstenosen mit ausgeprägter Kalzifikation der proximalen Abschnitte der LAD und des RCX (Stenoselänge > 10 mm, > 70 % Diameterstenose) angewendet werden. Die bereits etablierten 2‑Stent-Strategien für die Behandlung einer Bifurkationsstenose konnten modifiziert bzw. weiterentwickelt werden. In ersten Untersuchungen konnte der Vorteil der sog. DK-Nano-crush- und der DK-Culotte-Technik gezeigt werden, wobei die ersten Ergebnisse noch durch größere randomisierte Studien bestätigt werden müssen.

Abstract

The current European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guideline recommendations give equal consideration to percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and bypass surgery for the treatment of main stem stenosis. Because of the anatomical setting, interventional treatment of main stem stenosis represents a complex PCI procedure. For this reason, extensive planning of the PCI with the use of intravascular imaging is necessary to assess the extent of calcification in the main stem itself and also in the proximal vascular segment of the anterior interventricular branch (left anterior descending, LAD) and the circumflex branch (RCX). Furthermore, an assessment of the vessel diameter is necessary for planning the PCI as well as for stent selection. Especially in the case of severely calcified lesions, careful and routine dissection of the lesion to be treated is essential. For this purpose, so-called cutting balloons, scoring balloons or debulking devices (rotational atherectomy, orbital atherectomy) can be used. In the case of a main stem stenosis involving the bifurcation, the choice of stent strategy depends on the extent of calcification of the daughter vessels (LAD and RCX), as well as the complexity of the bifurcation stenosis. The superiority of the so-called double kissing (DK) crush technique over a single stent strategy could be confirmed in a randomized trial and should be used in main stem bifurcation stenoses with pronounced calcification of the proximal segments of the LAD and RCX (stenosis length > 10 mm, and > 70% diameter stenosis). The already established 2‑stent strategies for the treatment of bifurcation stenosis could be modified or further developed. In preliminary studies the advantage of the so-called DK nano-crush technique and the DK culotte technique could be shown, whereby these initial results still have to be confirmed by larger randomized studies.

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Correspondence to Oliver Dörr.

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Dörr, O. Hauptstammintervention – Ist ein Stent doch besser als zwei?. Herz 47, 495–502 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-022-05143-5

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