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Aktuelle Empfehlungen für die echokardiographische Diagnostik bei Tumorpatienten

Kommt die Echokardiographie zu spät oder zu früh?

Current recommendations for diagnostic echocardiography in cancer patients

Is echocardiography too late or too early?

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Zusammenfassung

Eine kardiale Dysfunktion durch kardiotoxische Therapie kann jederzeit während und auch nach Beendigung der Therapie sogar noch nach Jahren auftreten. Für die Beurteilung der systolischen linksventrikulären (LV-) Funktion ist die Bestimmung der Ejektionsfraktion (EF) insbesondere mit 3‑D-Technologie zur Erfassung der CTRCD („cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction“) als Basiswert etabliert. Es konnte aber gezeigt werden, dass die zusätzliche Analyse der LV-Funktion mittels Deformationsanalyse die sensitivere Methode für die Erfassung einer subklinischen systolischen LV-Dysfunktion ist. Diastolische Funktionsparameter werden weder für die frühzeitige Erfassung noch für Verlaufsuntersuchungen empfohlen. Die Entscheidung zur Modifikation eines onkologischen Therapieschemas und/oder zur Einleitung einer spezifisch kardialen Therapie ist aufgrund der vorliegenden Daten bezüglich Lebensqualität und Prognose sinnvoll, sollte aber derzeit – einzelfallbasiert – von einem erfahrenen kardioonkologischen Expertenteam getroffen werden. Es besteht weitgehend Konsens, dass dieses Patientenkollektiv in einem Echokardiographielabor untersucht wird, das über eine entsprechende apparative Ausstattung und Untersucherexpertise verfügt. Insgesamt sind bisher aber nur wenig Endpunktdaten verfügbar, sodass keine abschließende Beantwortung der Fragestellung möglich ist. Angaben zur Häufigkeit und zu geforderten Echokardiographieparametern für echokardiographische Nachkontrollen variieren in den Empfehlungen der Fachgesellschaften. Trotz der mittlerweile bekannt erhöhten Morbidität und Mortalität durch kardiotoxische Therapie werden längst nicht alle Patienten, die mit einer potenziell kardiotoxischen Therapie behandelt werden, auf das Vorliegen einer Herzinsuffizienz untersucht.

Abstract

Cardiac dysfunction caused by cardiotoxic treatment can appear at any time during or after therapy and sometimes even after years. To evaluate systolic left ventricular (LV) function assessment of the ejection fraction (EF), especially using 3D technology, is the established base value for cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD). It has been found that additional analysis of the LV function using deformation imaging is a more accurate and sensitive tool for detecting subclinical systolic LV dysfunction. Diastolic function parameters are not recommended for screening. The decision to modify oncological treatment and/or to begin specific cardiac treatment after detecting LV dysfunction is based on known data taking both the prognosis and quality of life into consideration and performed in individual cases by a cardio-oncological team of experts. There is a widely held consensus that these patients should be examined in an echocardiographic laboratory which has the appropriate equipment and diagnostic expertise. The lack of multicenter studies and the paucity of outcome data do not yet answer the question if echocardiography is carried out too early or too late. Recommendations on the frequency of standardized follow-up examinations and standardized echocardiographic parameter vary between the specialist societies. Although increased morbidity and mortality due to cardiotoxic treatment are now well known facts, too few patients undergo appropriate examinations.

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Abbreviations

ASCO:

American Society of Clinical Oncology

BNP:

„Brain-natriuretic peptide“

CTRCD:

„Cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction“

ESMO:

European Society of Medical Oncology

GLS:

Globaler longitudinaler peak-systolischer Strain

GCS:

Globaler zirkumferenzieller Strain

LVEF:

Linksventrikuläre Ejektionsfraktion

RT:

Mediastinale Radiotherapie

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Kruck, I. Aktuelle Empfehlungen für die echokardiographische Diagnostik bei Tumorpatienten. Herz 42, 262–270 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-017-4542-9

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