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Wie nützlich sind die Algorithmen zur Differentialdiagnostik der monomorphen Tachykardien mit breitem QRS-Komplex in kardiologischen Notfällen?

How Useful Are the Algorithms for the Differential Diagnosis of the Monomorphic Tachycardias with Broad QRS Complex in Cardiac Emergencies?

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An Erratum to this article was published on 15 May 2009

Zusammenfassung

Diese Übersicht stellt die drei alten und die zwei neuen EKG-Algorithmen zur Differentialdiagnose der monomorphen regulären Tachykardien mit breitem QRS-Komplex zusammenfassend dar. Mehrere Studien haben nachgewiesen, dass die Diagnose einer Kammertachykardie von den Notfallärzten oder Ärzten in der Notaufnahme nur in 35–50% der Fälle richtig gestellt wird. Ob ein Algorithmus im klinischen Alltag die Diagnostik wirklich verbessern kann und ob die Algorithmen für die Ärzte praktikabel sind, ist bisher noch nicht geklärt worden.

Die Algorithmen besitzen in den prospektiven Studien eine hohe Sensivität von 88–95%, aber eine nur zufriedenstellende Spezifität von 73–80%. Die Wertigkeit aller Algorithmen ist vergleichbar. In den Händen wenig erfahrener Ärzte dürfte die Inzidenz der korrekten Diagnosen deutlich geringer sein. Die Algorithmen haben erhebliche Limitationen, vor allem bei der Verwendung der „Morphologiekriterien“. Da die Nichterkennung einer Kammertachykardie fatale Folgen für den Patienten haben kann, sollte in Notfällen jede Tachykardie mit breitem QRS-Komplex als Kammertachykardie behandelt werden. Eine diagnostische Gabe von Adenosin kann bei hämodynamisch stabilen Patienten sofort zur einen korrekten Diagnosestellung führen. Aufgrund der Studienlage wurde ein Schema zur Differentialdiagnostik anhand sehr einfacher, für jeden Arzt erkennbarer EKG-Kriterien erstellt.

Abstract

This review gives an integrated summary of the three old and two new ECG algorithms for the differential diagnosis of monomorphic regular tachycardias with broad QRS complex. Several studies have provided evidence that a ventricular tachycardia was diagnosed correctly by doctors on call and emergency physicians only in 35–50% of cases. Whether an algorithm may really improve diagnosis in everyday clinical practice and whether the algorithms are feasible for physicians, has not yet been clarified.

The algorithms possess a high sensitivity of 88–95%, but only a satisfactory specificity of 73–80%. The values of all algorithms are similar. In the hands of physicians with little experience, the incidence of correct diagnoses is likely to be markedly lower. The algorithms have considerable limitations, especially with regard to the application of the “morphology criteria”. As the nondetection of a ventricular tachycardia can have fatal consequences for the patient, any tachycardia with broad QRS complex should be treated as ventricular tachycardia in emergencies. In hemodynamically stable patients, the administration of adenosine for diagnostic purposes should immediately lead to a correct diagnosis. Based on the study situation, a schematic representation for the differential diagnosis has been created which follows very simple ECG criteria identifiable by any physician.

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Correspondence to Ewald Himmrich.

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Ein Erratum zu diesem Beitrag ist unter http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00059-009-3256-z zu finden.

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Himmrich, E., Kettering, K. & Münzel, T. Wie nützlich sind die Algorithmen zur Differentialdiagnostik der monomorphen Tachykardien mit breitem QRS-Komplex in kardiologischen Notfällen?. Herz 34, 176–185 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-009-3218-5

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