Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to compare classical friction (FR) in passive self-ligating brackets (P-SLBs), active self-ligating brackets (A-SLBs) and a traditional twin bracket, in vitro, and to identify the point of initiation of bracket–archwire engagement.
Methods
Nine bracket systems of 0.022 in slot size were FR tested: 5 P‑SLB systems; 4 A‑SLB systems; and a control group of twin brackets with elastomeric ligatures. Single upper right central incisor brackets were mounted on a custom metal fixture for testing. Straight sections of various round and rectangular nickel–titanium (NiTi) archwires (0.016, 0.018, 0.018 × 0.018, 0.020 × 0.020, 0.016 × 0.022, 0.017 × 0.025, 0.019 × 0.025, and 0.021 × 0.025 in) were ligated to the bracket and peak static FR (cN) was measured with an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Ten unique tests each utilizing a new bracket and new archwire were conducted for each group in the dry state.
Results
FR was significantly different between control, P‑SLB and A‑SLB systems (P < 0.001). P‑SLB groups displayed no significant differences in FR between each other, regardless of archwire size. A‑SLB groups did exhibit significant differences in FR between each other depending on both the bracket system and archwire size. Each A‑SLB system tested possessed a distinctly different pattern of initiation of bracket–archwire engagement.
Conclusions
FR between the archwire and bracket slot differs between P‑SLB and A‑SLB systems, with a distinct pattern of FR and bracket–archwire engagement for each A‑SLB system. Understanding the different bracket–wire interactions of SLB systems should help orthodontic clinicians to plan effective and efficient biomechanics with the bracket system of their choice.
Zusammenfassung
Zielsetzung
Ziel dieser Studie war es, die mechanische Friktion (FR) bei passiven selbstligierenden Brackets (P-SLBs), aktiven selbstligierenden Brackets (A-SLBs) und bei einem konventionellen Doppelbracket in vitro miteinander zu vergleichen und den Punkt zu bestimmen, an dem das Zusammenwirken von Bracket und Bogendraht einsetzt.
Methoden
Neun Bracketsysteme mit einer Slotgröße von 0,022 wurden getestet: 5 P‑SLB-Systeme, 4 A‑SLB-Systeme und eine Kontrollgruppe bestehend aus Doppelbrackets mit elastomeren Ligaturen. Einzelne Brackets für den oberen rechten mittleren Schneidezahn wurden für die Tests auf eine individuelle Metallvorrichtung montiert. Gerade Abschnitte verschiedener runder und rechteckiger NiTi(Nickel-Titan)-Drähte (0,016, 0,018, 0,018 × 0,018, 0,020 × 0,020, 0,016 × 0,022, 0,017 × 0,025, 0,019 × 0,025 und 0,021 × 0,025 Zoll) wurden mit dem Bracket verbunden, und die statische FR-Spitze (cN) wurde mit einer Instron Universalprüfmaschine gemessen. Für jede Gruppe wurden 10 Einzeltests mit jeweils einem neuen Bracket und einem neuen Drahtbogen im trockenen Zustand durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse
Die FR war signifikant unterschiedlich zwischen den Kontroll‑, P‑SLB- und A‑SLB-Systemen (p < 0,001). Die P‑SLB-Gruppen wiesen keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der FR untereinander auf, unabhängig von der Größe des Bogens. Die A‑SLB-Gruppen wiesen signifikante Unterschiede in der FR auf, die in Abhängigkeit vom Bracketsystem und der Bogengröße variierten. Jedes getestete A‑SLB-System wies ein deutlich unterschiedliches Muster bei der Initiierung des Zusammenwirkens von Bracket und Bogendraht auf.
Schlussfolgerungen
Die FR zwischen dem Bogendraht und dem Bracketslot unterscheidet sich zwischen P‑SLB- und A‑SLB-Systemen, wobei für jedes A‑SLB-System ein anderes Muster der FR und des Zusammenwirkens zwischen Bracket und Bogendraht vorliegt. Das Verständnis der unterschiedlichen Bracket-Draht-Interaktionen von SLB-Systemen sollte Kieferorthopäden dabei unterstützen, eine effektive und effiziente Biomechanik mit dem Bracketsystem ihrer Wahl zu planen.
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Abbreviations
- A‑GCX:
-
In-Ovation X
- A‑Emp:
-
Empower 2 Active
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- A‑SLB:
-
Active self-ligating bracket
- A‑Spd:
-
Speed
- A‑Vic:
-
Victory Series SL
- BI:
-
Binding
- C‑Vic:
-
Victory Series
- FR:
-
Friction
- In:
-
Inch(es)
- NiTi:
-
Nickel titanium
- NO:
-
Notching
- P‑Alt:
-
Altitude SL
- P‑Car:
-
Carrier SLX
- P‑Dmn:
-
Damon Q
- P‑Emp:
-
Empower 2 Passive
- P‑H4:
-
H4
- P‑SLB:
-
Passive self-ligating bracket
- RS:
-
Resistance to sliding
- SD:
-
Standard deviation
- SLB:
-
Self-ligating bracket
- SS:
-
Stainless steel
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Acknowledgements
Thank you to Clayton Cook at Western University Machine Services who collaborated in the development of the custom bracket mounting apparatus used in this study.
Funding
The authors declared that this study has received no funding.
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MG, AR and AT carried out the experimental set-up, testing and data acquisition. All authors were involved in the design of the study, interpretation of the data, and writing of the manuscript. Furthermore, each author has read and approved the final manuscript.
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M. Greene, A. Rizkalla, T. Burkhart, A. Mamandras and A. Tassi declare that they have no competing interests.
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Greene, M., Rizkalla, A., Burkhart, T. et al. Friction and archwire engagement in contemporary self-ligating appliance systems. J Orofac Orthop 84 (Suppl 2), 65–73 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00056-021-00361-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00056-021-00361-8
Keywords
- Orthodontics
- Active self-ligating brackets
- Frictional force measurements
- Passive self-ligating brackets
- Tooth movement techniques