Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) impairment and to establish norm values for the German version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ-G11–14, 35 questions) in the general population aged 11 to 14 years.
Subjects and methods
Data were collected in a national survey (n=1,597, mean age: 12.5 ± 1.2 years, 49.3% female) and subjects sampled using a multistage technique. OHRQoL was measured with the CPQ-G11–14, which was presented in a personal interview. Norm values were computed for the CPQ-G11–14 summary score (simple sum of all item responses). The CPQ-G11–14 summary score distribution was described by empirical cumulative distribution functions. Because orthodontic treatment was closely associated with CPQ-G11–14 summary scores, percentile-based norms were stratified by this variable.
Results
The CPQ-G11–14 mean was 12.6 ± 15.9 units. There was no influence of age (p>0.05) or gender (p>0.05) on the CPQ-G summary scores, but the summary scores varied according to orthodontic treatment status (p<0.001). Among the general population sample, CPQ-G11–14 scores of the 50% less-impaired subjects were ≤7. The same percentage of subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment had scores of ≤13 and those without orthodontic treatment had scores of ≤5. We observed scores of ≤32 points in 90% of the population. That figure was ≤50 points for subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment and ≤21 points for those without orthodontic treatment. The most frequent problems the children and adolescents reported (CPQ-G answers “often” and “very often”) were “breathing through the mouth” (13.0%), “mouth sores” (4.4%) and “bad breath” (4.3%).
Conclusion
The norm values we present provide a frame of reference for future cross-sectional studies in the general population and in patient populations with specific oral conditions when measuring OHRQoL by CPQ-G11–14 in children and adolescents aged 11 to 14 years old.
Zusammenfassung
Ziel
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die mundgesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität (MLQ) von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 11 bis 14 Jahren in Deutschland zu charakterisieren und Normwerte für die deutsche Version des Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ-G11–14, 35 Fragen) dieser Altersgruppe zu erstellen.
Probanden und Methodik
Bevölkerungsrepräsentative Daten wurden in einem nationalen Survey an 1597 Probanden im Alter von 11 bis 14 Jahren erhoben (mittleres Alter 12,5 ± 1,2 Jahre, 49,3% weiblich). Die Probanden wurden in einem persönlichen Interview zu ihrer MLQ, gemessen mittels des CPQ-G11–14, befragt. Normwerte für den Fragebogen wurden als Prozentränge der Häufigkeitsverteilung des CPQ-Summenwertes, unterteilt in drei Kategorien berechnet: Allgemeinbevölkerung, mit bzw. ohne kieferorthopädische Behandlung.
Ergebnisse
Der CPQ-G11–14-Mittelwert lag bei 12,6 ± 15,9 Einheiten auf der von 0 bis 140 reichenden Skala, wobei ein kleiner CPQ-Summenwert für eine subjektiv positiv erlebte MLQ mit wenigen Einschränkungen steht, ein hoher Wert für eine stark beeinträchtigte Lebensqualität im Mundbereich. Alter und Geschlecht hatten keinen Einfluss auf den CPQ-G- Summenwert (p >0,05; t-Test), die Variable „kieferorthopädische Behandlung“ dagegen hatte einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die MLQ in dieser Altersgruppe (p <0,001; t-Test). Bei Probanden aus der Allgemeinbevölkerung wiesen 50% der Befragten einen CPQ-G11–14 Summenwert von ≤7 auf. Entsprechende Werte für Probanden mit kieferorthopädischer Behandlung lagen bei ≤13, für Probanden ohne kieferorthopädischer Behandlung bei ≤5 Punkten des Summenwertes. 90% aller befragten Probanden wiesen Summenwerte ≤32 Einheiten auf. Derselbe Prozentsatz von Probanden mit kieferorthopädischer Behandlung hatte einen Wert ≤50 sowie von ≤21 für Probanden ohne kieferorthopädische Behandlung. Die am häufigsten berichteten Probleme von Kindern in dieser Altersgruppe, die mit „oft“ und „sehr oft“ beantwortet wurden, waren (unangenehm) „durch Mund geatmet“ (13,0%) und „wunde Stellen im Mund“ (4,4%) sowie „schlechter Atem“ (4,3%).
Schlussfolgerung
Die deutschlandweite Normierung der deutschen Version des Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ-G11–14) zeigt eine wesentliche Beeinträchtigung der wahrgenommenen Mundgesundheit 11- bis 14-jähriger Kinder. Die abgeleiteten Normwerte dienen zur Interpretation des Niveaus eingeschränkter mundgesundheitsbezogener Lebensqualität bei Kindern in zukünftigen Untersuchungen.
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Acknowledgement
The study was supported by GABA International.
The authors wish to thank Ms Annett Schrock (University of Leipzig) for her help in data administration and analysis.
Conflict of interest
The corresponding author states that there are no conflicts of interest.
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Bekes, K., John, M., Schaller, H. et al. The German version of the child perceptions questionnaire on oral health-related quality of life (CPQ-G11–14). J Orofac Orthop 72, 223–233 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00056-011-0027-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00056-011-0027-2