Abstract
Tandem running, whereby one worker recruits another is utilised by many ant species. Since first being recorded, it has provided a valuable experimental tool for testing hypotheses about collective decision making, communication and even teaching. In this review I explore the journey tandem running has taken, the twists and turns in the theories surrounding it and what tandem running has taught us. This review examines the empirical research conducted on tandem running, from when it was first described, considers the theories that have arisen from that research and ultimately what has been learnt and what is still yet to be explored.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agbogba C. 1984. Tandem running behavior in two species of ponerine ants Mesoponera caffraria (Smith) and Hypoponera sp. (Hym. Formicidae). Insect. Soc. 31: 264-276
Adlerz G. 1986. Myrmecologiska studier III. Tomognathus sublaevis Mayr. Bihang Till K. Svenska Vet-Akad. Handingar 21: 1-76
Aron S., Deneubourg J.L. and Pasteels J.M. 1988. Visual cues and trail following idiosyncrasy in Leptothorax unifasciatus an orientation process during foraging. Insect. Soc. 35: 355-366
Beckers R., Goss S., Deneubourg J.L. and Pasteels J.M. 1989. Colony size communication and ant foraging strategy. Psyche 96: 239-256
Buschinger A., Ehrhardt W. and Winter U. 1980. The organization of slave raids in dulotic ants, a comparative study. Z. Tierpsychol. - J. Comp. Ethol. 53: 245-264
Buschinger A. and Winter U. 1977. Recruitment of nestmates by tandem running during slave-raids of the dulotic ant, Harpagoxenus sublaevis (Nyl.). Insect. Soc. 24:183-190
Caro T.M. and Hauser M.D. 1992. Is there teaching in nonhuman animals? Quart. Rev. Biol. 67: 151-174
Couzin I.D., Krause J., Franks N.R. and Levin S.A. 2005. Effective leadership and decision-making in animal groups on the move. Nature 433: 513-516
Farina W.M., Grüter C. and Díaz P.C. 2005. Social learning of floral odours inside the honeybee hive. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 272:1923-1928
Franklin E.L. and Franks N.R. 2012. Individual and social learning in tandem running recruitment by ants. Anim. Behav. 84: 361-368
Franklin E.L., Robinson E.J.H., Marshall J.A.R., Sendova-Franks A.B. and Franks N.R. 2012. Do ants need to be old and experienced to teach? J. Exp. Biol. 215: 1287-1292
Franklin E.L., Richardson T.O., Sendova-Franks A.B., Robinson E.J.H. and Franks N.R. 2011. Blinkered teaching: tandem running by visually impaired ants. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 65: 569-579
Franks N.R., Richardson T.O., Keir S., Inge S.J., Bartumeus F. and Sendova-Franks A.B. 2010. Ant search strategies after interrupted tandem runs. J. Exp. Biol. 213: 1697-1708
Franks N.R., Dechaume-Moncharmont F.X., Hanmore E. and Reynolds J.K. 2009. Speed versus accuracy in decision-making ants: expediting politics and policy implementation. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 364: 845-852
Franks N.R., Hardcastle K.A., Collins S., Smith F.D., Sullivan K.M.E., Robinson E.J.H. and Sendova-Franks A.B. 2008. Can ant colonies choose a far-and-away better nest over an in-the-way poor one? Anim. Behav. 76: 323-334
Franks N.R., Dornhaus A., Metherell B.G., Nelson T.R., Lanfear S.A.J. and Symes W.S. 2006. Not everything that counts can be counted: ants use multiple metrics for a single nest trait. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 273: 165-169
Franks N.R. and Richardson T. 2006. Teaching in tandem-running ants. Nature 439: 153-153
Franks N.R., Mallon E.B., Bray H.E., Hamilton M.J. and Mischler T.C. 2003. Strategies for choosing between alternatives with different attributes: exemplified by house-hunting ants. Anim. Behav. 65: 215-223
Franks N.R., Pratt S.C., Mallon E.B., Britton N.F. and Sumpter D.J.T. 2002. Information flow, opinion polling and collective intelligence in househunting social insects. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 35: 1567-1583
Fresneau D. 1985. Individual foraging and path fidelity in a ponerine ant. Insect. Soc. 32: 109-116
Hingston R.W.G. 1929. Instinct and Intelligence. McMillan & Co. New York.
Hölldobler B., Möglich M. and Maschwitz U. 1974. Communication by tandem running in the ant Camponotus sericeus. J. Comp. Physiol. 90: 105-127
Hölldobler B. and Traniello J. 1980. Tandem running pheromone in ponerine ants. Naturwissenschaften 67: 360-360
Hölldobler B. 1971. Recruitment behaviour in Camponotus socius (Hym. Formicidae). Z. vergl. Physiol. 75: 123-142
Hoppitt W.J.E., Brown G.R., Kendal R., Rendell L., Thornton A., Webster M.M. and Laland K.N. 2008. Lessons from animal teaching. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23: 486-493
Jessen K. and Maschwitz U. 1986. Orientation and recruitment behavior in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla tesserinoda (Emery) laying of individual specific trails during tandem running. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 19: 151-155
Langridge E.A., Franks N.R. and Sendova-Franks A.B. 2004. Improvement in collective performance with experience in ants. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 56: 523-529
Lane A.P. 1977. Tandem running in Leptothorax uniasciatus (Formicidae, Myrmicinae); New data concerning recruitment and orientation in this species. IUSSI Int. Congr. IUSSI Wageningen. pp 65-66
Leadbeater E., Raine N.E. and Chittka L. 2006. Social learning: Ants and the meaning of teaching. Curr. Biol. 16: 323-325
Liefke C., Holldobler B. and Maschwitz U. 2001. Recruitment behavior in the ant genus Polyrhachis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). J. Insect Behav. 14: 637-657
Mailleux A.C., Deneubourg J.L. and Detrain C. 2003. How does colony growth influence communication in ants? Insect. Soc. 50: 24-31
Mallon E.B., Pratt S.C. and Franks N.R. 2001. Individual and collective decision-making during nest site selection by the ant Leptothorax albipennis. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 50: 352-359
Mallon E.B. and Franks N.R. 2000. Ants estimate area using Buffon’s needle. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 267: 765-770
Marshall J.A.R., Bogacz R., Dornhaus A., Planqué R., Kovacs T. and Franks N.R. 2009. On optimal decision-making in brains and social insect colonies. J. R. Soc. Interface 6: 1065-1074
Maschwitz U., Hölldobler B. and Möglich M. 1974. Recruitment by tandem running in the ant Bothroponera tesserinoda. Z. Tierpsychol. 35: 113-123
McLeman M.A., Pratt S.C. and Franks N.R. 2002. Navigation using visual landmarks by the ant Leptothorax albipennis. Insect. Soc. 49: 203-208
Möglich M. and Hölldobler B. 1974. Social carrying behavior and division of labor during nest moving in ants. Psyche 81: 219-236
Möglich M. 1978. Social-organization of nest emigration in Leptothorax (Hym Form). Insect. Soc. 25: 205-225
Müller M. and Wehner R. 1988. Path integration in desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85: 5287-5290
Planqué R., van den Berg J.B. and Franks N.R. 2010. Recruitment strategies and colony size in ants. PLoS One 5: e11664
Planqué R., Dechaume-Moncharmont F.X., Franks N.R., Kovacs T. and Marshall J.A.R. 2007. Why do house-hunting ants recruit in both directions? Naturwissenschaften 94: 911-918
Pratt S.C., Brooks S.E. and Franks N.R. 2001. The use of edges in visual navigation by the ant Leptothorax albipennis. Ethology 107: 1125-1136
Pratt S.C., Mallon E.B., Sumpter D.J.T. and Franks N.R. 2002. Quorum sensing, recruitment, and collective decision-making during colony emigration by the ant Leptothorax albipennis. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 52: 117-127
Pratt S.C. 2008. Efficiency and regulation of recruitment during colony emigration by the ant Temnothorax curvispinosus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 62:1369-1370
Richardson T.O., Houston A.I. and Franks N.R. 2007. Teaching with evaluation in ants. Curr. Biol. 17: 1520-1526
Robinson E.J.H, Franks N.R., Ellis S., Okuda S. and Marshall J.A.R. 2011. A simple threshold rule is sufficient to explain sophisticated collective decision-making. PloS one 6: e19981
Robinson E.J.H., Smith F.D., Sullivan K.M.E. and Franks N.R. 2009. Do ants make direct comparisons? Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 276: 2635-2641
Seeley T.D. 1983 Division of labor between scouts and recruits in honeybee foraging. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 12: 253-259
Stuart R.J. 1986. An early record of tandem running in Leptothoracine ants Gottfrid Adlerz 1896. Psyche 93: 103-106
Sumpter D.J.T. and Brannstrom A. 2008. Synergy in social communication. In: Sociobiology of Communication: an Interdisciplinary Perspective (d’Ettorre P. and Hughes D.P., Eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford. pp 191-208
Thornton A. and Raihani N.J. 2008. The evolution of teaching. Anim. Behav. 75:1823-1836
Thornton A., Raihani N.J. and Radford A.N. 2007. Teachers in the wild: some clarification. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11: 272-273
Trianni V., Tuci E., Passino K.M. and Marshall J.A.R. 2011. Swarm cognition: an interdisciplinary approach to the study of self-organising biological collectives. Swarm Intelligence 5: 3-18
Wheeler W. 1908. The ants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 24: 117-158
Wilson E.O. 1959. Communication by tandem running in the ant genus Cardiocondyla. Psyche 66: 29-34
Wilson E.O. 1971. The Insect Societies. Belknap, Cambridge.
Acknowledgments
I want to thank Professor Nigel Franks, Dr Daphna Gottlieb and Norasmah Basari in the ant lab, University of Bristol for their thought provoking debates and comments which enabled me to develop my own conclusions presented in this review. I also want to give special thanks to Dr Liz Langridge for her thorough and thought provoking review and Duncan Bates and Tom Unsworth for their assistance with proofing.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Franklin, E.L. The journey of tandem running: the twists, turns and what we have learned. Insect. Soc. 61, 1–8 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-013-0325-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-013-0325-3