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A 0.6-V, 1.56-nW, 5.87-ppm/°C, 0.23%/V CMOS-Only Subthreshold Voltage Reference with the Threshold Voltage Difference

Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing volume 41, pages 4256–4274 (2022)Cite this article

Abstract

A low-supply, nano-watt level CMOS-only voltage reference is proposed in this paper for the internet-of-things, wireless sensor networks, and implantable biomedical chips. The threshold voltage fluctuation caused by the process variation can be suppressed to within 30 mV through utilizing the threshold voltage difference between thick-gate transistors and thin-gate transistors. Benefiting from the self-regulating technology and subthreshold operation, the circuit branches and supply voltage are significantly decreased compared with the previous CMOS voltage reference, which facilitates low power design. What's more, the proposed CMOS voltage reference also circumvents resistors, bipolar transistors, and operational amplifiers. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed CMOS voltage reference consumes a quiescent power consumption of 1.56-nW at 0.6 V, providing an average voltage reference of 305.32 mV using a 0.18-μm CMOS process. The mean temperature coefficient of the voltage reference is 5.87 ppm/°C with a standard deviation of 2.33 ppm/°C over a temperature range of − 40 °C ~ 130 °C. The linearity sensitivity is 0.23%/V across a supply voltage range of 0.6 V to 1.8 V. Furthermore, the power supply ripple rejection below 100 Hz and the mean output noise @10 Hz can reach − 58.6-dB and 3.99 μV/√Hz. The simulation results match the theoretical analysis.

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Data Availability

Date sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62104193, 61674122, and 61804124.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electronics Engineering, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, 710121, China

    Xin Xin, Yuanhao Hu, Siwan Dong & Xingyuan Tong

  2. State Key Laboratory of Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Technology Disciplines, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China

    Jueping Cai

Authors
  1. Xin Xin
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  2. Yuanhao Hu
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  3. Jueping Cai
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  4. Siwan Dong
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  5. Xingyuan Tong
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Correspondence to Xingyuan Tong.

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Xin, X., Hu, Y., Cai, J. et al. A 0.6-V, 1.56-nW, 5.87-ppm/°C, 0.23%/V CMOS-Only Subthreshold Voltage Reference with the Threshold Voltage Difference. Circuits Syst Signal Process 41, 4256–4274 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-022-01994-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-022-01994-9

Keywords

  • Voltage reference circuit
  • Low supply
  • Nano-watt power
  • CMOS-only
  • Subthreshold