Skip to main content
Log in

Low-Complexity and High-Speed Architecture Design Methodology for Complex Square Root

  • Short Paper
  • Published:
Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a low-complexity and high-speed VLSI architecture design methodology for complex square root computation using COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer (CORDIC). The proposed methodology is independent of angle computation in the CORDIC unlike the state-of-the-art methodologies. The proposed methodology is modelled in VHDL and synthesized under the TSMC 45-nm CMOS technology @ 1 GHz frequency. The synthesis results show that the proposed design saves 18.39%, 4.06% and 17.26%, 2.56% on chip area and power consumption when compared with the state-of-the-art methodologies without loss in accuracy. The proposed design saves the latency of 16 and 14 clock cycles when compared with the state-of-the-art implementations. The proposed design can process 23.4 and 127.344 billion additional samples per one joule energy when compared with the state-of-the-art designs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of Data and Materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. A. Acharyya, K. Maharatna, B.M. Al-Hashimi, S.R. Gunn, Memory reduction methodology for distributed-arithmetic-based DWT/IDWT exploiting data symmetry. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II: Express Briefs 56(4), 285–289 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2009.2015386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. M.D. Ercegovac, J.M. Muller, Complex square root with operand prescaling. J. VLSI Sign. Process. Syst. Sign. Im. 49, 19–30 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-006-0029-2

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. W. Kahan, Branch cuts for complex elementary functions, in The State of the Art m Numerical Analyszs, ed. by M.J.D. Powell, A. Iserles (Oxford University Press, New York, 1987)

    Google Scholar 

  4. K.I. Ko, F. Yu, On the Complexity of Computing the Logarithm and Square Root Functions on a Complex Domain, in Computing and Combinatorics. COCOON 2005, vol. 3595, Lecture Notes in ComputerScience, ed. by L. Wang (Springer, Berlin, 2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/11533719_36

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Y. Luo, Y. Wang, H. Sun, Y. Zha, Z. Wang, H. Pan, CORDIC-based architecture for computing nth root and its implementation. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I: Reg. Pap. 65(12), 4183–4195 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. P.K. Meher, J. Valls, T. Juang, K. Sridharan, K. Maharatna, 50 years of CORDIC: algorithms, architectures, and applications. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I: Reg. Pap. 56(9), 1893–1907 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2009.2025803

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. S. Mopuri, A. Acharyya, Low-complexity methodology for complex square-root computation. IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst. 25(11), 3255–3259 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2017.2740343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. S. Mopuri, A. Acharyya, Low complexity generic VLSI architecture design methodology for \(N^{th}\) root and \(N^{th}\) power computations. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I: Reg. Pap. 66(12), 4673–4686 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2019.2939720

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. S. Mopuri, A. Acharyya, Configurable rotation matrix of hyperbolic cordic for any logarithm and its inverse computation. Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 39, 2551–2573 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-019-01277-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. S. Mopuri, S. Bhardwaj, A. Acharyya, Coordinate rotation-based design methodology for square root and division computation. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II: Express Briefs 66(7), 1227–1231 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2018.2878599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. I. Park, T. Kim, Multiplier-less and table-less linear approximation for square and square-root. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Design 2009, 378–383 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCD.2009.5413129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. R.V.W. Putra, A novel fixed-point square root algorithm and its digital hardware design, in International Conference on ICT for Smart Society pp. 1–4 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTSS.2013.6588110

  13. M. Sima, M. Senthilvelan, D. Iancu, J. Glossner, M. Moudgill, M. Schulte, Software solutions for converting a MIMO-OFDM channel into multiple SISO-OFDM channels, in Third IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob 2007), p. 9 (2007), https://doi.org/10.1109/WIMOB.2007.4390803

  14. T. Sutikno, A.Z. Jidin, A. Jidin, N.R.N. Idris, Simplified VHDL coding of modified non-restoring square root calculator. Int. J. Reconfig. Embed. Syst. 1(1), 37 (2012). https://doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v1i1.440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. J. Taek-Jun Kwon, Draper, Floating-point division and square root implementation using a Taylor-series expansion algorithm with reduced look-up tables, in 2008 51st Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 954–957, (2008), https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSCAS.2008.4616959

  16. J.E. Volder, The birth of cordic. J. VLSI Signal Process. Syst. Signal Image Video Technol. 25, 101–105 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008110704586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. D. Wang, M.D. Ercegovac, A design of complex square root for FPGA implementation, in Proc. SPIE 7444, Mathematics for Signal and Information Processing, 74440L (3 September 2009); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.831235

  18. D. Wang, M.D. Ercegovac, N. Zheng, Design of high-throughput fixed-point complex reciprocal/square-root unit. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II: Express Briefs 57(8), 627–631 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2010.2050946

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Y. Wang, Y. Luo, Z. Wang, Q. Shen, H. Pan, GH CORDIC-based architecture for computing \(N\) th root of single-precision floating-point number. IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst. 28(4), 864–875 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2019.2959847

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. X. Wang, Y. Zhang, Q. Ye, S. Yang, A new algorithm for designing square root calculators based on FPGA with pipeline technology, in 2009 Ninth International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems, Shenyang, pp. 99–102, (2009), https://doi.org/10.1109/HIS.2009.27

  21. J. Xiang, L. Guo, Y. Chen, J. Zhang, Study of GPS adaptive antenna technology based on complex number AACA, in 2008 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, Dalian, pp. 1–4 (2008), https://doi.org/10.1109/WiCom.2008.534

  22. B. Yang, D. Wang, L. Liu, Complex division and square-root using CORDIC, in 2012 2nd International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet), Yichang, pp. 2464–2468, (2012), https://doi.org/10.1109/CECNet.2012.6201840

  23. M. Ye, T. Liu, Y. Ye, G. Xu, T. Xu, FPGA Implementation of CORDIC-based square root operation for parameter extraction of digital pre-distortion for power amplifiers, in 2010 6th International Conference on Wireless Communications Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM), Chengdu, pp. 1–4, (2010), https://doi.org/10.1109/WICOM.2010.5600929

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors acknowledge “Indigenous Intelligent and Scalable Neuromorphic Multichip for AI Training and Inference Solutions” project funded by the Ministry of electronics and Information technology (MEITY), Government of India, with Approval No. \(4(7)/2021-ITEA\) dated 8 March 2021.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amit Acharyya.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mopuri, S., Acharyya, A. Low-Complexity and High-Speed Architecture Design Methodology for Complex Square Root. Circuits Syst Signal Process 40, 5759–5772 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-021-01738-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-021-01738-1

Keywords

Navigation