Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new robust and blind audio watermarking algorithm based on singular value decomposition and quantization index modulation. The watermark insertion and extraction methods are based on quantization of the norm of singular values of the blocks. Audio quality evaluation tests show high imperceptibility of the watermark in the audio signal. Simulation results demonstrate that this algorithm is robust against signal-processing and stirmark attacks. The false negative error probability under the proposed scheme is close to zero. Moreover, the proposed algorithm has higher data payload and better performance than the other related audio watermarking schemes available in the literature.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M.A. Akhaee et al., Robust audio data hiding using correlated quantization with histogram-based detector. IEEE Trans. Multimed. 11, 834–842 (2009)
M. Arnold, Subjective and objective quality evaluation of watermarked audio tracks, in Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Cyber Worlds (CW’02) (2002), pp. 161–168
P. Basia, I. Pitas, N. Nikolaidis, Robust audio watermarking in the time domain. IEEE Trans. Multimed. 3(2), 232–241 (2001)
V. Bhat K, I. Sengupta, A. Das, An adaptive audio watermarking based on the singular value decomposition in the wavelet domain. Digit. Signal Process. 20, 1547–1558 (2010)
V. Bhat K, I. Sengupta, A. Das, An audio watermarking scheme using singular value decomposition and dither-modulation quantization. Multimed. Tools Appl. (2010). doi:10.1007/s11042-010-0515-1
C.-C. Changa, P. Tsaib, C.-C. Lin, SVD-based digital image watermarking scheme. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 26(10), 1577–1586 (2005)
I.J. Cox, J. Kilian, T. Leighton, T. Shamoon, Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 6(12), 1673–1687 (1997)
I. Cox, M. Miller, J. Bloom, J. Fridrich, T. Kalke, Digital Watermarking and Steganography, 2nd edn. (Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, 2007)
N. Cvejic, T. Seppanen, Spread spectrum audio watermarking using frequency hopping and attack characterization. Signal Process. 84(1), 207–213 (2004)
N. Cvejic, T. Seppanen, Digital Audio Watermarking Techniques and Technologies (Information Science Reference, Hershey, 2007)
M. Fan, H. Wang, Chaos-based discrete fractional Sine transform domain audio watermarking scheme. Comput. Electr. Eng. 35(3), 506–516 (2009)
S. Katzenbeisser, F.A.P. Petitcolas, Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking (Artech House, Boston, 2000)
B.-S. Ko, R. Nishimura, Y. Suzuki, Time-spread echo method for digital audio watermarking. IEEE Trans. Multimed. 7(2), 212–221 (2005)
L. Lamarche, Y. Liu, J. Zhao, Flaw in SVD-based watermarking, in Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE ’06) (2006), pp. 2082–2085
A. Lang, StirMark Benchmark for Audio (SMBA), 2005. http://amsl-smb.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/smfa/main.php
A. Lerch, Zplane development, EAQUAL-Evaluate Audio QUALity, Version: 0.1.3alpha, http://www.mp3-tech.org/programmer/misc.html, 2002
P.Y. Liew, M.A. Armand, Inaudible watermarking via phase manipulation of random frequencies. Multimed. Tools Appl. 35(3), 357–377 (2007)
R. Liu, T. Tan, An SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful ownership. IEEE Trans. Multimed. 4, 121–128 (2002)
R. Martinez-Noriega, M. Nakano, B. Kurkoski, K. Yamaguchi, K. Kobayashi, Analysis of QIM-based audio watermarking using LDPC codes, in IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (2009), pp. 726–729
H. Ozer, B. Sankur, N. Memon, An SVD-based audio watermarking technique, in Seventh ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security (2005), pp. 51–56
M. Steinebach, F.A.P. Petitcolas, F. Raynal, J. Dittmann, C. Fontaine, S. Seibel, N. Fates, L.C. Ferri, StirMark benchmark: audio watermarking attacks, in Proceedings. International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (2001), pp. 49–54
T. Thielde et al., PEAQ-The ITU standard for objective measurement of perceived audio quality. J. Audio Eng. Soc. 48, 3–29 (2000)
S. Wu, J. Huang, D. Huang, Y.Q. Shi, Efficiently self-synchronized audio watermarking for assured audio data transmission. IEEE Trans. Broadcast. 51(1), 69–76 (2005)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhat K, V., Sengupta, I. & Das, A. A New Audio Watermarking Scheme Based on Singular Value Decomposition and Quantization. Circuits Syst Signal Process 30, 915–927 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-010-9255-8
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-010-9255-8