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Physics of seasonally ice-covered lakes: a review

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Abstract

Recently, the attention to the ice season in lakes has been growing remarkably amongst limnological communities, in particular, due to interest in the response of mid- and high-latitude lakes to global warming. We review the present advances in understanding the governing physical processes in seasonally ice-covered lakes. Emphasis is placed on the general description of the main physical mechanisms that distinguish the ice-covered season from open water conditions. Physical properties of both ice cover and ice-covered water column are considered. For the former, growth and decay of the seasonal ice, its structure, mechanical and optical properties are discussed. The latter subject deals with circulation and mixing under ice. The relative contribution of the two major circulation drivers, namely heat release from sediment and solar heating, is used for classifying the typical circulation and mixing patterns under ice. In order to provide a physical basis for lake ice phenology, the heat transfer processes related to formation and melting of the seasonal ice cover are discussed in a separate section. Since the ice-covered period in lakes remains poorly investigated to date, this review aims at elaborating an effective strategy for future research based on modern field and modeling methods.

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Acknowledgments

We thank organizers and participants of the two Winter Limnology Symposia, which were held in 2008 in Kilpisjärvi and in 2010 in Liebenberg and served as the starting point for this review. Comments of Prof. Dr. Alfred Wüest and three anonymous referees have helped to improve this review and are gratefully acknowledged. The photograph of ice-covered Lake Stechlin was kindly provided by Thomas Gonsiorczyk (IGB). The work was partially supported by the following research projects: DFG KI-853-5/1 (German Research Foundation), 140939 (Academy of Finland), RFBR-10-05-91331-DFG (Russian Fund of Basic Research).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany

    Georgiy Kirillin, Juliane Bernhardt & Christof Engelhardt

  2. Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Matti Leppäranta

  3. Laboratory of Hydrophysics, Northern Water Problem Institute, Karelian Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia

    Arkady Terzhevik, Tatyana Efremova, Nikolai Palshin, Galina Zdorovennova & Roman Zdorovennov

  4. Department of Hydrology, Institute of Limnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia

    Sergey Golosov

  5. Department of Hydrology and Hydrophysics, Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia

    Nikolai Granin & Pavel Sherstyankin

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  1. Georgiy Kirillin
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Correspondence to Georgiy Kirillin.

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Kirillin, G., Leppäranta, M., Terzhevik, A. et al. Physics of seasonally ice-covered lakes: a review. Aquat Sci 74, 659–682 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-012-0279-y

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