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Source Characteristics of the 18 November 2022 Earthquake (\({M}_{W}\) 6.7), Offshore Southwest Sumatra, Indonesia, Revealed by Tsunami Waveform Analysis: Implications for Tsunami Hazard Assessment

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Abstract

On 18 November 2022, a strong earthquake occurred in the near trench of Sunda Arc southwest of southern Sumatra, generating a small tsunami recorded at four tide gauge stations (KRUI, BINT, SBLT, and SIKA). Four seismological agencies (BMKG, GCMT, GFZ, and USGS) obtained nearly similar earthquake parameters and focal mechanisms from a seismic approach. The 2022 earthquake occurred near two major historical earthquakes that generated destructive tsunamis. One of the historical tsunamis, the 2010 Mentawai tsunami, was produced by a rare shallow and slow rupture earthquake with a higher tsunami impact than predicted from the seismic moment. It is related to the low material rigidity in the source location. This study aims to understand the source characteristics of the 2022 event, which were probably influenced by the depth-varying rigidity. We examined the four source models using numerical tsunami modeling. We tested five distinct rigidity values, i.e., 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, and 20 GPa, for each source model to obtain the best match of simulated and observed tsunami waveforms. Waveform correlation coefficient and NRMSE are used as similarity indicators. The Mw 6.7 shallow source model with low rigidity (10 GPa) is the best model, as indicated by the correlation of ~ 0.74 and the lowest NRMSE. This solution is consistent with the long duration of the source time function of this event issued by IPGP. It is necessary to consider the appropriate rigidity characteristic in the tsunami hazard assessment since improper rigidity strongly affects the tsunami impact prediction in the coastal area.

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Data availability

The earthquake focal mechanisms are provided by BMKG (https://repogempa.bmkg.go.id/eventcatalog), GCMT (https://www.globalcmt.org/), GFZ (https://geofon.gfz-potsdam.de/old/eqinfo/event.php?id=gfz2022wpnl), and USGS (https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000iqpn/executive). Digital elevation data (DEMNAS and BATNAS) from BIG is available at https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id/demnas/#/. The GEBCO Bathymetric data is freely accessed through https://download.gebco.net/. Sea level datasets are provided by BIG (http://ina-sealevelmonitoring.big.go.id/ipasut/).

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Andrzej Kijko and Gerassimos A. Papadopoulos for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the manuscript. We thank the Geospatial Information Agency (Badan Informasi Geospasial or BIG) for permission to use sea level data from the tide gauges and for providing open access to digital elevation data (DEMNAS and BATNAS) through https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id/demnas/#/. The GEBCO is also acknowledged for supplying free access to global bathymetry data via https://download.gebco.net/. We use the QGIS and python packages to produce figures.

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This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, Dan Geofisika (BMKG), Jakarta, Indonesia

    Sesar Prabu Dwi Sriyanto, Abraham Arimuko, Arif Nurokhim, Indra Gunawan, Iman Fatchurochman & Brilian Tatag Samapta

  2. Badan Informasi Geospasial (BIG), Bogor, Indonesia

    Adnan Aditya Putra

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  1. Sesar Prabu Dwi Sriyanto
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Contributions

SPDS, AA, AN, IG, and IF: conceptualised the study and contributed to the writing of the initial manuscript. SPDS performed the numerical modeling and prepared the figures. SPDS and BTS processed the digital elevation model datasets. The tsunami waveforms were provided by AAP. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sesar Prabu Dwi Sriyanto.

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Sriyanto, S.P.D., Arimuko, A., Nurokhim, A. et al. Source Characteristics of the 18 November 2022 Earthquake (\({M}_{W}\) 6.7), Offshore Southwest Sumatra, Indonesia, Revealed by Tsunami Waveform Analysis: Implications for Tsunami Hazard Assessment. Pure Appl. Geophys. 180, 3655–3670 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-023-03371-2

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