Abstract
Loading experiments were conducted to study the physical properties of coal samples under step loading conditions, and the physical properties of coal samples under different conditions were numerically simulated by FLAC3D software. The numerical simulation results under step loading showed that FLAC3D software can effectively simulate the strain value and overall change trend of coal samples, obtaining good simulation results. The accuracy and applicability of the numerical simulation model were verified. Based on this, the physical properties of coal samples under different conditions were further investigated. The simulation showed that the transverse strain at the top of the coal sample is more obvious than that at the bottom, which shows the process of stress transfer from top to bottom. The effect of the bulk modulus on the axial strain of the coal sample was small, and the axial strain decreased with the increase in the bulk modulus under the same conditions. The shape of the coal sample was found to have a great influence on the axial strain, and the axial strain of a cylindrical coal sample was much larger than that of a rectangular coal sample under the same conditions. An increase in the height of the coal sample resulted not only in an increase in the axial strain value, but also a gradual increase in the degree of strain. This has significant implications for future use in guiding the analysis of the physical properties of coal.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of Data and Materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
References
Cao, L. (2019). Study on creep characteristics and creep model of coal with different coal structure. Huainan: Anhui University of Science and Technology.
Chen, G., Wan, Y., Sun, X., & Zhang, G. (2021). Creep characteristics and fractional damage model of sandstone after freezing-thawing with different temperature difference. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 40(10), 1962–1975. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2021.0064
Chen, W., Tan, X., Lu, S., Yang, J., Wu, G., Yu, H., Wang, Z., & Zhu, L. (2009). Study on large scale triaxial compression rheological test and constitutive model of deep soft rock. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 28(09), 1735–1744.
Cheng, H., Zhang, Y., & Zhou, X. (2021). Nonlinear creep model for rocks considering damage evolution based on the modified Nishihara model. International Journal of Geomechanics. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002071
David, G. (1939). Creep of rocks. The Journal of Geology, 47(3), 225–251.
Ding, Z., Zhang, Q., Wang, E., Feng, X., & Chen, T. (2021). Numerical simulation of influence of creep characteristics of deep surrounding rock on roadway stability. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 17(S1), 404–410+432.
Duan, H. (2021). Experimental study on creep failure of coal samples under graded loading. Safety in Coal Mines, 52(07), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.13347/j.cnki.mkaq.2021.07.009
Gao, W., Liu, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2015). Numerical simulation of compression creep test of siltstone based on FLAC~(3D). China Civil Engineering Journal, 48(03), 96–102. https://doi.org/10.15951/j.tmgcxb.2015.03.014
He, F., Meng, F., Wang, Z., & Zhao, G. (2011). Experimental study on creep effect of water and coal rock. Journal of Liaoning Technical University (natural Science), 30(02), 175–177.
Hu, B., Wang, Z., Liang, B., Li, G., Wang, J., & Chen, G. (2015). Experimental study of rock creep properties. Journal of Experimental Mechanics, 30(04), 438–446.
Kang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2011). Unsteady creep model of rock based on Burgers model. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 32(S1), 424–427. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2011.s1.050
Li, D., Liu, J., & Han, C. (2020). Damage creep model of variable-order fractional rocks based on equivalent viscoelasticity. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 41(12), 3831–3839. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2020.0419
Li, L., Tao, X., Tang, C., & Zhu, L. (2007). Numerical simulation of rock creep instability failure process under uniaxial compression. Rock and Soil Mechanics. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2007.09.040
Li, W., Si, L., Lu, Z., Yi, K., & Wu, L. (2022). Determination of crack initiation strength of coal under uniaxial compression and influence analysis of key factors. Journal of China Coal Society. https://doi.org/10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.xr20.1872
Li, X., Zhang, L., & Zhao, Y. (2018). Creep and seepage evolution of gassy coal under conventional triaxial pressure. Advanced Engineering Sciences, 50(04), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.15961/j.jsuese.201800099
Li, Z., Ren, T., Li, X., C, Y., H, X., L, J., & Q, M. (2023a). Full-scale pore structure characterization of different rank coals and its impact on gas adsorption capacity: A theoretical model and experimental study. Energy, 277, 127621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127621
Li, Z., Ren, T., Li, X., Q, M., Y, X., T, L., & N, B. (2023b). Multi-scale pore fractal characteristics of differently ranked coal and its impact on gas adsorption. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 33(4), 389–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2022.12.006
Liu, Z. (2012). Experimental study and numerical simulation on creep characteristics of deep surrounding rock. Hunan University of Science and Technology.
Liu, Z., Dong, X., & Zhang, X. (2021). Experimental study on mechanical properties of coal under graded cyclic loading. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 40(S1), 2593–2602. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2020.0643
Lu, X., Li, Z., Fang, H., & Deng, W. (2011). Dominant size and size effect of rock uniaxial compressive strength. Yellow River, 33(04), 107–109.
Lu, Y., & Wang, L. (2015). Numerical simulation of creep damage and fracture process of rock based on microcrack evolution. Journal of China Coal Society, 40(06), 1276–1283. https://doi.org/10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2014.3034
Luo, Z., Zhu, Z., Su, Q., et al. (2023). Study on creep simulation and damage mechanism of sandstone under water-rock action based on PBM model. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 8, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2022.1330
Qi, Y., Jiang, Q., Wang, Z., & Zhou, C. (2012). Improved 3D creep constitutive equation and parameter identification of Nishihara model. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 31(02), 347–355.
Shkuratnik, V. L., Filimonov, Yu. L., & Kuchurin, S. V. (2005). Regularities of acoustic emission in coal samples under triaxial compression. Journal of Mining Science, 41(1), 44–52.
Su, C., Chen, X., & Yuan, R. (2014). Analysis of deformation and strength characteristics of coal samples under graded relaxation under uniaxial compression. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 33(06), 1135–1141. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2014.06.006
Su, T., Zhou, H., Zhao, J., Che, J., Sun, X., & Wang, L. (2019). Rock creep model based on fractional derivative of variable order. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 8(07), 1355–1363. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2018.1382
Sun, X., Miao, C., Jiang, M., Zhang, Y., Yang, L., & Guo, B. (2021). Experimental and theoretical study on creep of sandstone with different water content based on improved Xiyuan model. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 40(12), 2411–2420. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2021.0302
Tian, W., Yang, S., & Fang, G. (2016). Particle flow simulation of mechanical characteristics of triaxial cyclic loading and unloading of coal samples. Journal of China Coal Society, 41(03), 603–610. https://doi.org/10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2015.0505
Wan, Y., Chen, G., Sun, X., & Zhang, G. (2021). Triaxial creep characteristics and damage model of red sandstone with different moisture content after freezing-thawing. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 43(08), 1463–1472.
Wang, D., Liu, J., Yin, G., & Wei, X. (2010). Experimental study on creep characteristics of coal sample containing gas under triaxial compression. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 29(02), 349–357.
Wang, Y., Sun, M., Guo, P., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Experimental study on creep characteristics and numerical simulation of similar model of soft rock. Coal Science and Technology, 46(10), 125–129. https://doi.org/10.13199/j.cnki.cst.2018.10.019
Wu, F., Qiao, L., Guan, S., Zhang, Q., Wang, Z., & Wu, J. (2021). Study on size effect of small size rock samples under uniaxial compression test. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 40(05), 865–873. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2020.0555
Wu, Y., He, Q., & Wang, Y. (2020). Creep characteristics of rock-like materials under freeze-thaw cycles. Industrial Construction, 50(10), 106–110+62. https://doi.org/10.13204/j.gyjzG20010110
Xiao, F., Li, R., Li, L., & Hou, Z. (2020). Deformation and internal damage characteristics of coal under graded constant load. Journal of Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, 30(01), 1–7.
Yang, X., Han, X., Liu, E., Zhang, Z., Wang, T., & Zhang, L. (2018a). Evolution characteristics of non-uniform deformation of rock under uniaxial cyclic loading and unloading. Journal of China Coal Society, 43(02), 449–456. https://doi.org/10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2017.1119
Yang, X., Jiang, J., & Jiang, Z. (2018b). Creep test and damage model of soft rock under water bearing condition. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 39(S1), 167–174. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2017.2560
Yang, Y., Wang, D., Guo, M., & Li, B. (2014). Damage characteristics of rock based on triaxial compression acoustic emission test. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 33(01), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2014.01.008
Yin, G., Zhao, H., & Zhang, D. (2008). Triaxial creep characteristics and constitutive equation of outburst coal. Journal of Chongqing University, 32(08), 946–950.
Zhang, P., Zhao, C., Li, T., Hou, J., & Zhang, R. (2021). Experimental study on wave velocity variation and energy evolution of red sandstone during triaxial loading. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 40(07), 1369–1382. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2020.1145
Zhang, Z., Wang, Z., & Peng, H. (2011). Triaxial compression creep test and numerical simulation of mudstone in southern Shaanxi. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, 38(01), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.2011.01.025
Zhao, G., Hu, Y., Jin, P., Hu, Y., Li, C., & Zhu, X. (2019). Experimental study on uniaxial mechanical properties of granite under real-time temperature and cyclic loading. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 38(05), 927–937. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2018.1277
Funding
This study was funded by the State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology (Beijing Institute of Technology, KFJJ22-15M), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52274245, 51974127), and the Youth Foundation of Social Science and Humanity, Ministry of Education of China (19YJCZH087).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
XL and XZ wrote the main manuscript text, LZ and TY conducted the experiment, and KZ, SB, CZ, and MX prepared the figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Li, X., Zhuo, X., Zhang, K. et al. Numerical Simulation of Physical Properties of Coal Sample Under Step Loading Conditions. Pure Appl. Geophys. 180, 3587–3598 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-023-03339-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-023-03339-2