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Evaluation of Near-Source Ground Displacements During the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake Simulated Using Stochastic Slip Distributions and the Reciprocity Theorem

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Abstract

Large displacements and deformations with pulse-like motions have been observed at near-source stations during large earthquakes. Their evaluation and prediction are of great importance for seismic hazard mitigation and engineering design, particularly at or near current or future infrastructure sites. We simulated the displacement waveforms of the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku, Japan, earthquake (Mw 6.9) using the finite-difference method to quantitatively evaluate the peak and static amplitudes, as well as their variation owing to the uncertainty of slip distribution. We stochastically produced slip distribution models consisting of circular subevents by assuming kinematic source models as the probability density function, and efficiently synthesized displacement waveforms based on the reciprocity theorem for the produced source models. Our results show that at a borehole station (KiK-net IWTH25) located near the hypocenter, the ratio between the peak and static amplitudes is 1.09, indicating that the static component dominates in the waveform. We found that the peak amplitude correlates with the amount of slip in the deep part of the fault, which is close to the source location of the observed 4G accelerations at the IWTH25 surface station estimated in a previous source study. At a surface station just above the upper edge of the fault, the amplitude ratio shows a large variation of 1.68–2.73 for rupture velocity ranging from 1.4 to 2.6 km/s. This ratio is proportional to the rupture velocity because of the effect of forward directivity. We also investigated the effect of heterogeneities in topography and seismic velocity structure on waveforms using several structural models. The difference in waveforms between the cases using flat-surface and non-flat topography models is more significant than that between the cases using 1D and 3D velocity structure models, and is found to be higher than approximately 0.6 Hz. Conducting waveform simulations for a site of interest via the combined use of multiple sets of stochastic slip distribution models and the reciprocity theorem is useful for the efficient, quantitative evaluation of near-source displacements and their relationships with source and structural parameters.

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Data availability statement

The 50 m mesh topography data were obtained from the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) at https://geolib.gsi.go.jp. The strong-motion data recorded at KiK-net stations were obtained from the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) at http://www.kyoshin.bosai.go.jp.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Editor and the Reviewer for their insightful comments and constructive suggestions that helped us improve our manuscript. Discussions with Ken Miyakoshi, Yoshiaki Hisada, and Yoshiaki Shiba were fruitful. We express our gratitude to Wataru Suzuki for kindly providing us with the data on the source inversion results of the 2008 earthquake. We would also like to acknowledge Kimiyuki Asano, who made the source inversion results of the 2008 earthquake available online, which allowed us to use the dataset in our study. The Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) package was used for the construction of the figures. We conducted simulations and data analyses using the large-scale parallel computation system of the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI).

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  1. Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan

    Takeshi Nakamura & Masataka Sawada

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  1. Takeshi Nakamura
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Correspondence to Takeshi Nakamura.

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Nakamura, T., Sawada, M. Evaluation of Near-Source Ground Displacements During the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake Simulated Using Stochastic Slip Distributions and the Reciprocity Theorem. Pure Appl. Geophys. 180, 1989–2006 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-023-03275-1

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