Abstract
We have examined the tsunami hazard in the Bering and Chukchi seas by determining whether trans-oceanic tsunamis penetrate into these regions through the Aleutian Islands and Bering Strait. Results are based on numerical modeling of eight major far-field earthquakes in the North Pacific Ocean and one near-field earthquake that occurred in the Bering Sea region: the 1946 Aleutian, 1952 Kamchatka, 1960 Chile, 1964 Alaska, 1965 Rat Islands, 1957 Andreanof Islands, 2011 Tohoku, 2012 Haida Gwaii, and 2017 Commander Islands earthquakes. It was found that the Bering Sea was most affected by the 1960 tsunami caused by the Chilean earthquake of magnitude Mw 9.5. According to our numerical simulations, it produced tsunami waves with amplitudes up to 294 cm in the sea. For the next strongest event, the 1952 Kamchatka tsunami, the wave amplitudes were up to 146 cm. The 1964 Great Alaska earthquake (Mw 9.2) did not produce an intense tsunami in the Bering Sea because the long and narrow southwestern extension of the Alaska Peninsula sheltered the region from incoming tsunami waves. Modeling further shows that, in separate bays, tsunami waves formed by strong distant earthquakes could reach 1.5–2 m. Results show that the typical attenuation coefficient for the straits of the Aleutian Islands is 0.75, on average, while the corresponding coefficient of the Bering Strait is ~ 0.29. Based on these estimates, we conclude that tsunami penetration into the Arctic Ocean from remote sources in the Pacific is unlikely. Even for such powerful events as the 1960 Chilean tsunami, the tsunami wave amplitudes in the Chukchi Sea would not exceed a few centimeters. For the Bering Sea, the amplitudes from distant earthquakes can be significant.
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Data availability statement
We got the free data of GEBCO bathymetry are from https://www.gebco.net/. Accessed [04 January 2022]. Free Sea level data for 3 stations are from the Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) (2007): CO-OPS 1-minute Tsunami Water Level Data. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.7289/V59884XF. Accessed [09 October 2022].
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Acknowledgements
This study is dedicated to the memory of our friend and colleague, Dr. Evgueni Kulikov (27.01.1950–21.11.2020), who suddenly passed away. Evgueni took an active part in setting up this study, and generously helped in the research through his discussions, mathematical insight and sense of humor. The authors gratefully acknowledge Alexander Rabinovich and Richard Thomson from the Institute of Ocean Sciences (Sidney, BC, Canada) for valuable comments and suggestions. We thank reviewers Paul Whitmore (National Tsunami Center, Palmer, Alaska), Elena Suleimani (University of Alaska, Fairbanks) and Fred Stephenson (Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, BC, Canada) for suggestions and comments that were positive and helpful. The authors are also grateful to Roman Shirenin for his help with the translation.
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This study was supported by the Russian State Assignment of IORAS FMWE-2021-0015.
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AM wrote the main manuscript text, made numerical simulations, analysis, and visualization. IM gave the principal idea of the research, and prepared data from external sources. IF configured the model, and prepared input seismic data. EK helped with the development of this study, set up the experiment with the straits, and described and interpreted the results. OY plotted and updated figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript and improved the text.
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Medvedeva, A., Medvedev, I., Fine, I. et al. Local and Trans-oceanic Tsunamis in the Bering and Chukchi Seas Based on Numerical Modeling. Pure Appl. Geophys. 180, 1639–1659 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-023-03251-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-023-03251-9