Abstract
We show that degenerate horizons exhibit a new trapping effect. Specifically, we obtain a non-degenerate Morawetz estimate for the wave equation in the domain of outer communications of extremal Reissner–Nordström up to and including the future event horizon. We show that such an estimate requires (1) a higher degree of regularity for the initial data, reminiscent of the regularity loss in the high-frequency trapping estimates on the photon sphere, and (2) the vanishing of an explicit quantity that depends on the restriction of the initial data on the horizon. The latter condition demonstrates that degenerate horizons exhibit a new \(L^{2}\) concentration phenomenon (namely, a global trapping effect, in the sense that this effect is not due to individual underlying null geodesics as in the case of the photon sphere). We moreover uncover a new stable higher-order trapping effect; we show that higher-order estimates do not hold regardless of the degree of regularity and the support of the initial data. We connect our findings to the spectrum of the stability operator in the theory of marginally outer trapped surfaces. Our methods and results play a crucial role in our upcoming works on linear and nonlinear wave equations on extremal black hole backgrounds.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andersson, L., Blue, P.: Hidden symmetries and decay for the wave equation on the Kerr spacetime. arXiv:0908.2265 (2009)
Angelopoulos, Y.: Nonlinear wave equations with null condition on extremal Reissner-Nordström spacetimes I: spherical symmetry. To appear in IMRN. arXiv:1408.4478 (2014)
Aretakis, S.: The wave equation on extreme Reissner–Nordström black hole spacetimes: stability and instability results. arXiv:1006.0283 (2010)
Aretakis, S.: Stability and instability of extreme Reissner–Nordström black hole spacetimes for linear scalar perturbations I. Commun. Math. Phys. 307, 17–63 (2011)
Aretakis, S.: Stability and instability of extreme Reissner–Nordström black hole spacetimes for linear scalar perturbations II. Ann. Henri Poincaré 12, 1491–1538 (2011)
Aretakis, S.: Decay of axisymmetric solutions of the wave equation on extreme Kerr backgrounds. J. Funct. Anal. 263, 2770–2831 (2012)
Aretakis, S.: The characteristic gluing problem and conservation laws for the wave equation on null hypersurfaces. arXiv:1310.1365 (2013)
Aretakis, S.: A note on instabilities of extremal black holes from afar. Class. Quantum Gravity 30, 095010 (2013)
Aretakis, S.: On a foliation-covariant elliptic operator on null hypersurfaces. To appear in IMRN. arXiv:1310.1348 (2013)
Aretakis, S.: On a non-linear instability of extremal black holes. Phys. Rev. D 87, 084052 (2013)
Aretakis, S.: Horizon instability of extremal black holes. Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 19, 507–530 (2015)
Dafermos, M., Rodnianski, I.: The redshift effect and radiation decay on black hole spacetimes. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 62, 859–919 (2009). arXiv:0512.119
Dafermos, M., Rodnianski, I.: Lectures on black holes and linear waves. In: Evolution Equations, Clay Mathematics Proceedings, Vol. 17, Am. Math. Soc. Providence, RI, pp. 97–205 (2013). arXiv:0811.0354
Dafermos, M., Rodnianski, I., Shlapentokh-Rothman, Y.: Decay for solutions of the wave equation on Kerr exterior spacetimes III: The full subextremal case \(|a| < m\). arXiv:1402.7034
Dafermos, M., Holzegel, G., Rodnianski, I.: The linear stability of the Schwarzschild solution to gravitational perturbations. arXiv:1601.06467 (2016)
Dain, S., Dotti, G.: The wave equation on the extreme Reissner–Nordström black hole. arXiv:1209.0213 (2012)
Dyatlov, S.: Exponential energy decay for Kerr-de Sitter black holes beyond event horizons. Math. Res. Lett. 18, 1023–1035 (2011)
Gajic, D.: Linear waves in the interior of extremal black holes I. arXiv:1509.06568 (2015)
Holzegel, G., Smulevici, J.: Decay properties of Klein–Gordon fields on Kerr-AdS spacetimes. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 66, 1751–1802 (2013)
Kay, B., Wald, R.: Linear stability of Schwarzschild under perturbations which are nonvanishing on the bifurcation 2-sphere. Class. Quantum Gravity 4, 893–898 (1987)
Keir, J.: Slowly decaying waves on spherically symmetric spacetimes and an instability of ultracompact neutron stars. arXiv:1404.7036 (2014)
Klainerman, S.: Uniform decay estimates and the Lorentz invariance of the classical wave equation. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 38, 321–332 (1985)
Lucietti, J., Murata, K., Reall, H.S., Tanahashi, N.: On the horizon instability of an extreme Reissner-Nordström black hole. JHEP 1303, 035 (2013). arXiv:1212.2557
Lucietti, J., Reall, H.: Gravitational instability of an extreme Kerr black hole. Phys. Rev. D 86, 104030 (2012)
Mars, M.: Stability of MOTS in totally geodesic null horizons. Class. Quantum Gravity 29, 145019 (2012)
Moschidis, G.: Logarithmic local energy decay for scalar waves on a general class of asymptotically flat spacetimes. arXiv:1509.08495 (2015)
Murata, K.: Instability of higher dimensional extreme black holes. Class. Quantum Gravity 30, 075002 (2013)
Murata, K., Reall, H.S., Tanahashi, N.: What happens at the horizon(s) of an extreme black hole? arXiv:1307.6800 (2013)
Ori, A.: Late-time tails in extremal Reissner–Nordström spacetime. arXiv:1305.1564 (2013)
Ralston, J.: Solutions of the wave equation with localized energy. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 22, 807–823 (1969)
Regge, T., Wheeler, J.: Stability of a Schwarzschild singularity. Phys. Rev. 108, 1063–1069 (1957)
Sbierski, J.: Characterisation of the energy of Gaussian beams on Lorentzian manifolds with applications to black hole spacetimes. arXiv:1311.2477 (2013)
Sela, O.: Late-time decay of perturbations outside extremal charged black hole. arXiv:1510.06169 (2015)
Tataru, D., Tohaneanu, M.: A local energy estimate on Kerr black hole backgrounds. Int. Math. Res. Not. 2011, 248–292 (2008)
Tsukamoto, N., Kimura, M., Harada, T.: High energy collision of particles in the vicinity of extremal black holes in higher dimensions: Banados-Silk-West process as linear instability of extremal black holes. arXiv:1310.5716 (2013)
Wunsch, J., Zworski, M.: Resolvent estimates for normally hyperbolic trapped sets. Ann. Henri Poincaré 12, 1349–1385 (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by James A. Isenberg.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Angelopoulos, Y., Aretakis, S. & Gajic, D. The Trapping Effect on Degenerate Horizons. Ann. Henri Poincaré 18, 1593–1633 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00023-016-0545-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00023-016-0545-y