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Distribution of glucan-branching enzymes among prokaryotes

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Abstract

Glucan-branching enzyme plays an essential role in the formation of branched polysaccharides, glycogen, and amylopectin. Only one type of branching enzyme, belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 13 (GH13), is found in eukaryotes, while two types of branching enzymes (GH13 and GH57) occur in prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea). Both of these types are the members of protein families containing the diverse specificities of amylolytic glycoside hydrolases. Although similarities are found in the catalytic mechanism between the two types of branching enzyme, they are highly distinct from each other in terms of amino acid sequence and tertiary structure. Branching enzymes are found in 29 out of 30 bacterial phyla and 1 out of 5 archaeal phyla, often along with glycogen synthase, suggesting the existence of α-glucan production and storage in a wide range of prokaryotes. Enormous variability is observed as to which type and how many copies of branching enzyme are present depending on the phylum and, in some cases, even among species of the same genus. Such a variation may have occurred through lateral transfer, duplication, and/or differential loss of genes coding for branching enzyme during the evolution of prokaryotes.

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Abbreviations

AGPase:

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

BE:

Branching enzyme

CAZy:

Carbohydrate-active enZymes

CBM:

Carbohydrate-binding module

CSR:

Conserved sequence region

DBE:

Debranching enzyme

DP:

Degree of polymerization

GH:

Glycoside hydrolase

GS:

Glycogen synthase

GT:

Glycosyltransferase

LGT:

Lateral gene transfer

MGLP:

Methylglucose lipopolysaccharide

SBS:

Surface/secondary binding site

SS:

Starch synthase

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Acknowledgments

Studies in the authors’ laboratory were supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 25440193 to E.S. and 15K18685 to R.S.

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  1. Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438, Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjyo-Nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan

    Eiji Suzuki & Ryuichiro Suzuki

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  1. Eiji Suzuki
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  2. Ryuichiro Suzuki
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Correspondence to Eiji Suzuki.

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Suzuki, E., Suzuki, R. Distribution of glucan-branching enzymes among prokaryotes. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 73, 2643–2660 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2243-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2243-9

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