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Identified peptidergic neurons in the Drosophila brain regulate insulin-producing cells, stress responses and metabolism by coexpressed short neuropeptide F and corazonin

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Abstract

Insulin/IGF-like signaling regulates the development, growth, fecundity, metabolic homeostasis, stress resistance and lifespan in worms, flies and mammals. Eight insulin-like peptides (DILP1-8) are found in Drosophila. Three of these (DILP2, 3 and 5) are produced by a set of median neurosecretory cells (insulin-producing cells, IPCs) in the brain. Activity in the IPCs of adult flies is regulated by glucose and several neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. One of these, short neuropeptide F (sNPF), regulates food intake, growth and Dilp transcript levels in IPCs via the sNPF receptor (sNPFR1) expressed on IPCs. Here we identify a set of brain neurons that utilizes sNPF to activate the IPCs. These sNPF-expressing neurons (dorsal lateral peptidergic neurons, DLPs) also produce the neuropeptide corazonin (CRZ) and have axon terminations impinging on IPCs. Knockdown of either sNPF or CRZ in DLPs extends survival in flies exposed to starvation and alters carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Expression of sNPF in DLPs in the sNPF mutant background is sufficient to rescue wild-type metabolism and response to starvation. Since CRZ receptor RNAi in IPCs affects starvation resistance and metabolism, similar to peptide knockdown in DLPs, it is likely that also CRZ targets the IPCs. Knockdown of sNPF, but not CRZ in DLPs decreases transcription of Dilp2 and 5 in the brain, suggesting different mechanisms of action on IPCs of the two co-released peptides. Our findings indicate that sNPF and CRZ co-released from a small set of neurons regulate IPCs, stress resistance and metabolism in adult Drosophila.

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Acknowledgments

We thank S. Broughton, E. Hafen, P. Léopold, J.H. Park, J.A. Veenstra, K. Yu, the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, the Harvard Stock Center, and the Vienna Drosophila RNAi Center for flies and reagents. Å.M.E. Winther is gratefully acknowledged for technical advice. This study was supported by the Swedish Research Council (VR) and the Carl Trygger Foundation (both to DRN).

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  1. Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden

    Neval Kapan, Oleh V. Lushchak, Jiangnan Luo & Dick R. Nässel

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  1. Neval Kapan
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Correspondence to Dick R. Nässel.

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18_2012_1097_MOESM1_ESM.tif

S Fig 1 In male flies there is a small set of Crz-Gal4 expressing neurons in the last abdominal segment that do not produce sNPF. As seen in a - c Crz-Gal4 and sNPF expressing neurons in abdominal ganglia are distinct. Thus the use of the Crz-Gal4 driver to interfere with sNPF expression will only affect the two sets of DLPs in the brain. (TIFF 1,941 kb)

18_2012_1097_MOESM2_ESM.tif

S Fig 2 Morphological details of superposition of DLPs and IPCs in the Drosophila brain. a The DLPs are displayed with Crz-Gal4-driven GFP (green) and IPCs with DILP2 immunolabeling (magenta). The DLPs send axons along the median bundle (MB) and posterior lateral tract (PLT), whereas the axons of the IPCs run in the MB. b Higher magnification of the same neurons showing the tight spatial relations between axon branches of the two neuron types in the median bundle. The region indicated with double arrow (Dendr) is where the IPCs (and DLPs to a lesser extent) have short lateral processes. c1 - c3 Details of the region indicated by double arrow in 1b. Note that both Crz-Gal4 (green) and DILP2 immunolabeled (magenta) axons have short side branches in this region and these may represent functional contacts between the two neuron types. d1 - d2 Another region where DLPs may contact IPCs is in the tritocerebrum (TC) on either side of the esophageal foramen (EF). Clearly the DLPs arborize in additional areas ventral to the TC, including the subesophageal ganglion, suggesting additional outputs and/or inputs. (TIFF 4,089 kb)

18_2012_1097_MOESM3_ESM.tif

S Fig 3 Corazonin/sNPF, DILP2 and sNPFR1-expressing neurons in the third instar larva. a - c Crz-Gal4 (green) and DILP2 immunreactive neurons (aDILP2; magenta) in the larval brain and ring gland (RG). The DLPs and IPCs have processes that superimpose in the corpora cardiaca (CC) of the ring gland and in portions of the brain. For some reason the cell bodies of the mushroom body Kenyon cells (asterisk) display non-specific immunolabeling with anti-DILP2. d Detail of a ring gland where DLP and IPC processes superimpose in the CC, but not corpora allata (CA) of the ring gland (encircled). e - h Using the snpfr-Gal4 driver it appears that the IPCs (labeled with anti-DILP2) do not express the sNPF receptor in the larva. The "white cells" seen in g are above each other in this image stack and do not colocalize the markers. (TIFF 2,398 kb)

18_2012_1097_MOESM4_ESM.tif

S Fig. 4 Hypomorphic sNPF mutant flies live longer when starved. The hypomorphic sNPF c00448 mutant (sNPF mutant) flies display significantly extended survival at starvation compared to two wild type controls (w 1118 and Oregon; OR) (p < 0.0001; n= 76-108 for the three genotypes, 3 replicates). (TIFF 299 kb)

18_2012_1097_MOESM5_ESM.tif

S Fig. 5 Whole body carbohydrate and lipid levels after corazonin and sNPF knockdown in DLPs. a Whole body trehalose levels (mg/g wet weight) in knockdown flies and parental controls is the same in all genoypes in fed flies. b Change in glycogen levels after 24 h starvation is also the same in all genotypes. c The TAG levels (mg/g wet weight) in normally fed flies do not differ significantly between genotypes. (TIFF 927 kb)

18_2012_1097_MOESM6_ESM.tif

S Fig. 6 Whole body carbohydrate and lipid levels after in sNPF mutant flies and after rescue of sNPF in DLPs (in mutant background), compared to parental mutant flies. In a - c flies were fed normal food. a No difference between genotypes for whole body trehalose levels. b With sNPF rescue in DLPs the glycogen levels are higher than in mutants and controls. (**= p<0,01; Two way ANOVA). c Levels of TAG in fed flies are significantly higher after rescue of sNPF in DLPs (**= p<0.01; Two way ANOVA). (TIFF 535 kb)

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Kapan, N., Lushchak, O.V., Luo, J. et al. Identified peptidergic neurons in the Drosophila brain regulate insulin-producing cells, stress responses and metabolism by coexpressed short neuropeptide F and corazonin. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 69, 4051–4066 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-012-1097-z

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