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Immunoregulation by the gut microbiota

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Abstract

The human intestinal mucosa is constantly exposed to commensal microbiota. Since the gut microbiota is beneficial to the host, hosts have evolved intestine-specific immune systems to co-exist with the microbiota. On the other hand, the intestinal microbiota actively regulates the host’s immune system, and recent studies have revealed that specific commensal bacterial species induce the accumulation of specific immune cell populations. For instance, segmented filamentous bacteria and Clostridium species belonging to clusters XIVa and IV induce the accumulation of Th17 cells in the small intestine and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the large intestine, respectively. The immune cells induced by the gut microbiota likely contribute to intestinal homeostasis and influence systemic immunity in the host.

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Abbreviations

APRIL:

A proliferation-inducing ligand

AID:

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase

AMM:

Antimicrobial molecule

ASC:

Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein

BAFF:

B cell activating factor

CSR:

Class switch recombination

DC:

Dendritic cell

DSS:

Dextran sulfate sodium

EAE:

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Fut2:

Fucosyltransferase 2

GF:

Germ-free

GALT:

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

IKK:

IκB kinase

IL-10R:

IL-10 receptor

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

iTreg:

Inducible Treg

IBD:

Inflammatory bowel diseases

ILC:

Innate lymphoid cell

IECs:

Intestinal epithelial cells

ILFs:

Isolated lymphoid follicles

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

LTi:

Lymphoid tissue inducer

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MOG:

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

nTreg:

Natural Treg

NOD:

Non-obese diabetic

NLR:

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor

PRR:

Pattern recognition receptor

PP:

Payer’s patche

pIgR:

Polymeric Ig receptor

PSA:

Polysaccharide A

RAG:

Recombinase-activating gene

RegIIIγ:

Regenerating islet-derived IIIγ

Treg:

Regulatory T

RORγt:

Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t

rDNA:

Ribosomal DNA

SIgA:

Secretory IgA

SFB:

Segmented filamentous bacteria

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

SHM:

Somatic hypermutation

SPF:

Specific pathogen-free

TCR:

T cell receptor

TD:

T cell-dependent

TI:

T cell-independent

Th:

T helper

TSLP:

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-β

TACI:

Transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor

T1D:

Type 1 diabetes

VRE:

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus

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Acknowledgments

The work was supported by the funding program for next generation world-leading researchers (NEXT program) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) to K. Honda and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) to J. Nishio.

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  1. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan

    Junko Nishio & Kenya Honda

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Correspondence to Kenya Honda.

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Nishio, J., Honda, K. Immunoregulation by the gut microbiota. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 69, 3635–3650 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-012-0993-6

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