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Carcinogenesis: the cancer cell–mast cell connection

Inflammation Research volume 68, pages 103–116 (2019)Cite this article

Abstract

Background

In mammals, inflammation is required for wound repair and tumorigenesis. However, the events that lead to inflammation, particularly in non-healing wounds and cancer, are only partly understood.

Findings

Mast cells, due to their great plasticity, could orchestrate the inflammatory responses inducing the expression of extraembryonic programs of normal and pathological tissue formation. This heterogeneity of mast cells could allow a microenvironment to be recreated similar to the extraembryonic structures, i.e., amnion and yolk sac, which are needed for embryonic development. Mast cells could provide a framework for understanding the connection between inflammation and tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. In this way, the mast cells could express inflammatory phenotypes, which would enable the cancer stem cells to develop. Thus, the cancer cell uses mast cells to express the extraembryonic functions that are needed to allow the cancer stem cell to proliferate and invade. If so, then by using this appropriate inflammatory interstitial microenvironment, a cancer stem cell can reach maximum levels of growth and invasion inside the host.

Conclusion

Therefore, the comparison of tumors with wounds that do not heal would be supported since both pathological processes use extraembryonic mechanisms by mast cells. The adoption of these mechanisms warrants tumor survival in an embryonic-like state.

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Abbreviations

ACTH:

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

EMT:

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

HIF:

Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor

MCP:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein

MET:

Mesenchymal to epithelial transition

MIP-1:

Macrophage inflammatory protein one

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase

PHD:

Prolyl hydrolase

Treg cells:

Regulatory T cells

SCF:

Stem cell factor

TLR:

Toll-like receptors

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Acknowledgements

The authors are indebted to Maria Elena Vicente for preparing the manuscript and Elisabeth Mascola for translating it into English. No sources of funding were used for making this manuscript.

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  1. Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s.n., 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Maria-Angeles Aller & Jaime Arias

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Puerta de Hierro Hospital, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Ana Arias

  3. Unit of General Surgery, Monte Naranco Hospital, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain

    Jose-Ignacio Arias

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  1. Maria-Angeles Aller
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  2. Ana Arias
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  3. Jose-Ignacio Arias
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Correspondence to Maria-Angeles Aller.

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Aller, MA., Arias, A., Arias, JI. et al. Carcinogenesis: the cancer cell–mast cell connection. Inflamm. Res. 68, 103–116 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-018-1201-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-018-1201-4

Keywords

  • Amniotic
  • Cancer
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Ischemia–reperfusion
  • Mast cell
  • Vitelline