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Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of 3-hydroxy, 2-methoxy sodium butanoate from the leaves of Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f.

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Abstract

Introduction

The leaves of Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f. have been used in the Indian traditional system of medicine to treat several inflammatory diseases and arthritis. The aim of the present study was to assess the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of the leaves of C. phlomidis and to isolate the active principle by bioactivity guided fractionation.

Materials and methods

To find the anti-inflammatory constituents from this plant, fractionations were performed with concurrent bioassays. Carrageenan-induced inflammation and Freund complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritic rat models were used. The anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of the isolated compound were studied by assessing the histology of the joints, levels of lysosomal enzymes, protein-bound carbohydrates, acute phase protein, etc., in plasma, as well as by estimating the levels and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the joints.

Results

Repeated fractionations and bioassays yielded a novel bioactive compound: 3-hydroxy, 2-methoxy-sodium butanoate. Treatment with this compound reduced the paw edema induced by carrageenan and FCA dose dependently. The levels of lysosomal enzymes and protein-bound carbohydrates decreased significantly upon treatment with the compound. The level of plasma acute phase protein was also decreased compared with control animals. Protein levels and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-1 and IL-6 in the joints were decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner and the histopathological data also added evidence of the anti-arthritic property of the compound.

Conclusion

The 3-hydroxy,2-methoxy sodium butanoate isolated from plant leaves displays considerable potency in anti-inflammatory action and has a prominent anti-arthritic effect. This is the first report of this natural compound with bioactivity.

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Acknowledgments

The financial assistance given by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (No. 8/293(30)/2008 EMR-I), New Delhi to N.P.B. is gratefully acknowledged. We also thank Entomology Research Institute for additional financial assistance. The authors also thank the Dean, Tamil Nadu Veterinary University, Chennai for histopathological analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai, 600034, Tamil Nadu, India

    N. Prakash Babu, S. Saravanan, P. Pandikumar, K. Bala Krishna, M. Karunai Raj & S. Ignacimuthu

  2. Research and Development Centre, Orchid Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Sozhanganallur, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India

    M. Karunai Raj

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  1. N. Prakash Babu
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Correspondence to S. Ignacimuthu.

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Responsible Editor: Mauro Teixeira.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. These data include the IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 3-hydroxy, 2-methoxy-sodium butanoate in supplementary Figures S1, S2 and S3, respectively. The results of 2D NMR and EI–MS studies of this compound are given in supplementary Figures S4, S5 and S6, respectively.

Supplementary material 1 (DOC 256 kb)

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Prakash Babu, N., Saravanan, S., Pandikumar, P. et al. Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of 3-hydroxy, 2-methoxy sodium butanoate from the leaves of Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f.. Inflamm. Res. 63, 127–138 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-013-0681-5

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