Abstract
Deformation of tungsten single crystals as a function of strain, temperature, and alloying was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Single crystals oriented for (−101)[lll] slip were grown by electron beam zone refining. Compression specimens of tungsten, W-l and 3 pct Re and W-l and 3 pct Ta were deformed to 2 pct strain at 150°, 300°, and 590°K (0.04, 0.08, and 0.16T m). Specimens were also strained to 0.5 and 5.0 pct strain at 300°K. Transmission microscopy revealed that the dislocation substructures in single-crystal tungsten are similar to substructures in other refractory metals when compared on a homologous temperature basis. At temperatures greater than 0.1T m, the substructure is characterized primarily by edge dipoles. At temperatures less than 0.1T m, long screw dislocations lying parallel to the primary [111] slip direction characterize the substructure. Rhenium additions to tungsten promote formation of edge dipoles at temperatures of 300° and 150°K and increase dislocation density at all three temperatures. In addition, dislocations consistent with (1−12)[−111] slip were observed in the W-Re single crystals after deformation at 150°K. Tantalum additions had a lesser effect on the dislocation substructure compared to rhenium additions. The W-l and 3 pct Ta alloys exhibited higher dislocation densities than unalloyed tungsten after similar strains and, at 150°K, W-3 pct Ta contained a few dislocations consistent with (1−12)[−111] slip. It is concluded that the reduction in ductile-brittle transition temperature of poly crystalline tungsten containing dilute rhenium additions, 1 to 5 pct, can be attributed to an increase in dislocation mobility at temperatures less than 0.1 Tm.
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Stephens, J.R. Dislocation structures in single-crystal tungsten and tungsten alloys. Metall Trans 1, 1293–1301 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02900246
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02900246