Abstract
In addition to self-governing properties, tiny-sized particles of metallic colloids are the building blocks of large-sized particles; thus, their study has been the subject of a large number of publications. In the present work, it has been discussed that geometry structure of tiny particle made through atom-to-atom amalgamation depends on attained dynamics of gold atoms along with protruded orientations. The localized process conditions direct two-dimensional structure of a tiny particle at atomically flat air-solution interface while heating locally dynamically approached atoms, thus, negate the role of van der Waals interactions. At electronphoton-solution interface, impinging electrons stretch or deform atoms of tiny particles depending on the mechanism of impingement. In addition, to strike regular grid of electrons ejected on split of atoms not executing excitations and de-excitations of their electrons, atoms of tiny particles also deform or stretch while occupying various sites depending on the process of synergy. Under suitable impinging electron streams, those tiny particles in monolayer two-dimensional structure electron states of their atoms are diffused in the direction of transferred energy, thus, coincide to the next adjacent atoms in each one-dimensional array dealing the same sort of behavior. Instantaneously, photons of adequate energy propagate on the surfaces of such electronic structures and modify those into smooth elements, thus, disregard the phenomenon of localized surface plasmons. This study highlights the fundamental process of formation of tiny particles where the role of localized dynamics of atoms and their electronic structure along with interaction to light are discussed. Such a tool of processing materials, in nonequilibrium pulse-based process, opens a number of possibilities to develop engineered materials with specific chemical, optical, and electronic properties.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Change history
05 September 2017
An erratum to this article has been published.
References
M. Ali (2016a), Atomic binding, geometric monolayer tiny particle, atomic deformation and one-dimensional stretching. http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.08047
M. Ali (2016b), Structure evolution in atoms having phenomenon of electronic transitions. http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.01255
M. Ali (2016c), Atoms deform or stretch, do not ionize, those having electronic transitions are the source of photonic current while inherently making terminals of inert gas atoms switch photonic current into photons. http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.05392
M. Ali, I -Nan Lin (2016a), Geometric structure of gold tiny particles at varying precursor concentration and packing of their electronic structures into extended shapes, http://arXiv.org/abs/1604.07508
M. Ali, I –N. Lin (2016b), Dynamics of colloidal particles formation in processing different precursors-elastically and plastically driven electronic states of atoms in lattice. http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.02296
M. Ali, I –N. Lin (2016c), Controlling morphology-structure of particles via plastically driven geometric tiny particles and effect of photons on the structures under varying process conditions. http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.04408
M. Ali, I –N. Lin (2016d), Formation of tiny particles and their extended shapes-origin of physics and chemistry of materials. http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.09123
M. Ali, I –Nan. Lin (2016e), Phase transitions and critical phenomena of tiny grains thin films synthesized in microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition and origin of v1 peak, http://arXiv.org/abs/1604.07152
M. Ali, M. Ürgen (2016), Switching dynamics of morphology-structure in chemically deposited carbon films-a new insight. http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.00943
Atkinson S, Stillinger FH, Torquato S (2015) Existence of isostatic, maximally random jammed monodisperse hard-disk packings. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:18436–18441
Bratescu MA, Cho S-P, Takai O, Saito N (2011) Size-controlled gold nanoparticles synthesized in solution plasma. J Phys Chem C 115:24569–24576
Brown LO, Hutchison JE (2001) Formation and electron diffraction studies of ordered 2-D and 3-D Superlattices of amine-stabilized gold nanocrystals. J Phys Chem B 105:8911–8916
Brust M, Kiely CJ (2002) Some recent advances in nanostructure preparation from gold and silver particles: a short topical review. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem Eng Aspects 202:175–186
Brust M, Walker M, Bethell D, Schiffrin DJ, Whyman R (1994) Synthesis of thiol-derivatised gold nanoparticles in a two-phase liquid-liquid system. J Chem Soc Chem Commun:801–802
Cho S-P, Bratescu MA, Saito N, Takai O (2011) Microstructural characterization of gold nanoparticles synthesized by solution plasma processing. Nanotechnology 22:455701 (7pp)
Derjaguin B, Landau L (1993) Theory of the stability of strongly charged lyophobic sols and of the adhesion of strongly charged particles in solutions of electrolytes. Prog Surf Sci 43:30–59
Glotzer SC, Solomon MJ (2007) Anisotropy of building blocks and their assembly into complex structures. Nature Mater 6:557–562
Glotzer SC, Horsch MA, Iacovella CR, Zhang Z, Chan ER, Zhang X (2005) Self-assembly of anisotropic tethered nanoparticle shape amphiphiles. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 10:287–295
Kim J, Lee Y, Sun S (2010) Structurally ordered FePt nanoparticles and their enhanced catalysis for oxygen reduction reaction. J Am Chem Soc 132:4996–4997
Kisielowski C (2015) Observing atoms at work by controlling beam–sample interactions. Adv Mater 27:5838–5844
Kusada K, Kobayashi H, Yamamoto T, Mamtsumura S, Sumi N, Sato K, Nagaoka K, Kubota Y, Kitagawa H (2013) Discovery of face-centered-cubic ruthenium nanoparticles: facile size-controlled synthesis using the chemical reduction method. J Am Chem Soc 135:5493–5496
Kuzyk A, Schreiber R, Fan Z, Pardatscher G, Roller E-M, Högele A, Simmel FC, Govorov AO, Liedl T (2012) DNA-based self-assembly of chiral plasmonic nanostructures with tailored optical response. Nature 483:311–314
Liang X, Wang Z, Liu C (2010) Size-controlled synthesis of colloidal gold nanoparticles at room temperature under the influence of glow discharge. Nanoscale Res Lett 5:124–129
Link S, El-Sayed MA (2000) Shape and size dependence of radiative, nonradiative and photothermal properties of gold nanocrystals. Int Rev Phys Chem 19:409–453
Liu Y, Zhang X (2011) Metamaterials: a new frontier of science and technology. Chem Soc Rev 40:2494–2507
Manoharan VN (2015) Colloidal matter: packing, geometry, and entropy. Science 349:1253751
Moscatelli A (2015) Gold nanoparticles: metallic up to a point. Nature Nanotechnol. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.16
Mulvaney P (1996) Surface Plasmon spectroscopy of nanosized metal particles. Langmuir 12:788–800
Negishi Y, Nakazaki T, Malola S, Takano S, Niihori Y, Kurashige W, Yamazoe S, Tsukuda T, Häkkinen H (2015) A critical size for emergence of nonbulk electronic and geometric structures in dodecanethiolate-protected Au clusters. J Am Chem Soc 137:1206–1212
Patel J, Něemcová L, Maguire P, Graham WG, Mariotti D (2013) Synthesis of surfactant-free electrostatically stabilized gold nanoparticles by plasma–induced liquid chemistry. Nanotechnology 24:245604 (11pp)
Shaw CP, Fernig DG, Lévy R (2011) Gold nanoparticles as advanced building blocks for nanoscale self-assembled systems. J Mater Chem 21:12181–12187
J. D. van der Waals 1873, Thesis title: Over de Continuiteit van den Gas- en Vloeistoftoestand (on the continuity of the gas and liquid state), Leiden
Vanmaekelbergh D (2011) Self-assembly of colloidal nanocrystals as route to novel classes of nanostructured materials. Nano Today 6:419–437
Ventra MD (2008) Electrical transport in nanoscale systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Whetten RL, Khoury JT, Alvarez MM, Murthy S, Vezmar I, Wang ZL, Stephens PW, Cleveland CL, Luedtke WD, Landman U (1996) Nanocrystal gold molecules. Adv Mater 8:428–433
Whitesides GM, Boncheva M (2002) Beyond molecules: self-assembly of mesoscopic and macroscopic components. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:4769–4774
Ye L, Hou D, Zheng X, Yan Y, Ventra MD (2015) Local temperatures of strongly-correlated quantum dots out of equilibrium. Phys Rev B 91:205106–205108
Zhu Y, Ramasse QM, Brorson M, Moses PG, Hansen LP, Kisielowski CF, Helveg S (2014) Visualizing the stoichiometry of industrial-style Co-Mo-S catalysts with single-atom sensitivity. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:10723–10727
Acknowledgements
Authors wish to thank Mr. Chien-Jui Yeh for assisting in TEM operation. Mubarak Ali greatly appreciates useful suggestions of Dr. M. Ashraf Atta and Professor Ishtiaq. A. Qazi while writing the paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Funding
This study was funded by the National Science Council, now Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (grant number NSC-102-2811-M-032-008) (2013–2014).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
This article has been retracted at the request of the authors and the Editor-in-Chief, who noted an administrative error. The Editor in Chief accidentally accepted while the editorial recommendation was meant to be a rejection. The journal apologizes for this error.
An erratum to this article is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-017-3961-0.
About this article
Cite this article
Ali, M., Lin, IN. RETRACTED ARTICLE: The effect of the electronic structure, phase transition, and localized dynamics of atoms in the formation of tiny particles of gold. J Nanopart Res 19, 15 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-016-3710-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-016-3710-9