Plant-based host preference and larval competition of the tachinid parasitoid Epicampocera succincta

Abstract

We investigated the causes of among-plant variation in the parasitism rate of Pieris melete larvae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) by the parasitoid fly Epicampocera succincta (Diptera: Tachinidae). The rate of parasitism by E. succincta was much higher on the bitter cress Cardamine appendiculata than on any other cruciferous plants. Adult female flies were found to be more attracted to C. appendiculata than to other cruciferous plants for searching for hosts. The parasitoid appeared to be unable to distinguish P. melete from an alternative host, Pieris rapae larvae, that coexisted with P. melete on most crucifer plants. Similarly, E. succincta failed to avoid P. rapae parasitized by the braconid wasp Cotesia glomerata. C. glomerata is a superior competitor to E. succincta if occupying the same host, killing the host before the E. succincta larva can grow and depriving the larva of the chance to survive. E. succincta attacked P. rapae larvae on most cruciferous plants, many of which were already occupied by C. glomerata; only on Cardamine appendiculata was E. succincta free from interspecific competition, because only P. melete was found on this particular plant. However, the strong preference for the hosts on C. appendiculata incurred heavy intraspecific competition among larvae on this plant, killing as great a proportion of larvae as interspecific competition did on the other plants. The balance between the strength of intraspecific competition on the preferred plant and of interspecific competition on the other plants appeared to maintain plant preference by E. succincta.