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Hypertensive diseases in pregnancy

Hypertensive Schwangerschaftserkrankungen

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Summary

Hypertensive diseases in pregnancy (HDP) are one of the most frequent causes of maternal death and perinatal mortality. However, chronic hypertension without complications has a more favorable prognosis than preeclampsia. Apart from a familial predisposition, mutations of various genes may also be responsible; among these, APC resistance is of particular clinical significance. The insufficient endovascular invasion of trophoblast in the spiral aterioles is still considered to represent the pathogenetic basis of preeclampsia. Increased lipid oxidation, deported membrane components of syncytiotrophoblasts, and increased invasion of fetal cells in the maternal circulation triggering immunological reactions are discussed as the causes. The result is an endothelial imbalance between vasoconstrictory-aggregating and vasodilatatory-antiaggregating compounds. The results of studies on the relevance of NO synthase are controversial. Currently, neither reliable methods for the early detection nor certain preventative measures to avoid the disease are available. Intensive care monitoring and therapy are essential for pregnant women with severe HDP. The obstetric procedure depends on the severity and dynamics of the disease as well as the state of development of the baby. When the pregnancy is continued defined guidelines for its termination for maternal or fetal indications must be taken into consideration. After delivery, the mother must be intensively monitored for at least 24 to 48 hours (postpartal eclampsia/HELLP syndrome). The risk for recurrence of the preeclampsia is between 20 and 26 % or when it occurred in the second trimester up to 65 % while that of HELLP syndrome is between 3.5 and 24 %.

Zusammenfassung

Hypertensive Schwangerschaftserkrankungen (HES) sind eine der häufigsten Ursachen der Müttersterblichkeit und perinatalen Mortalität. Dabei ist die chronische Hypertonie ohne Komplikationen prognostisch günstiger zu bewerten als die Präeklampsie. Neben einer familiären Disposition liegen Mutationen verschiedener Gene vor; der APC-Resistenz kommt dabei eine besondere klinische Bedeutung zu. Die unzureichende endovaskuläre Trophoblastinvasion in die Spiralarterien gilt auch heute noch als pathogenetische Grundlage der Präeklampsie. Als Ursache der endothelialen Dysfunktion werden eine gesteigerte Lipidperoxidation, deportierte Membranbestandteile des Synzytiotrophoblasten und vermehrt in die mütterliche Strombahn eingeschwemmte fetale Zellen mit Auslösung immunologischer Reaktionen diskutiert. Die Folge ist eine endotheliale Imbalance zwischen vasokonstriktorisch-aggregatorischen und vasodilatatorisch-antiaggregatorischen Substanzen; zur Bedeutung der NO-Synthese liegen kontroverse Untersuchungsergebnisse vor. Bis heute stehen weder zuverlässige Früherkennungsmethoden noch gesicherte präventive Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung der Erkrankung zur Verfügung.

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Rath, W. Hypertensive diseases in pregnancy. Gynäkologe 32, 432–442 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00003251

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00003251

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