Holographic constraint and effective field theories with N-species

Abstract

Effective field theories that manifest UV/IR mode mixing in such a way as to be valid for arbitrarily large volumes, can be used for gravitational, non-black hole events to be accounted for. In formulating such theories with a large number of particle species N, we employ constraints from the muon g − 2, higher-dimensional operator corrections due to the required UV and IR cutoffs as well as the RG evolution in a conventional field-theoretical model in curved space. While in general our bounds on N do reflect N ≃ 10³², a bound motivated by the solution to the hierarchy problem in the alike theories and obtained by the fact that strong gravity has not been seen in the particle collisions, the bound from the muon g −2 turns out to be much stronger, N ≲ 10¹⁹. For systems on the verge of gravitational collapse, this bound on N is far too restrictive to allow populating a large gap in entropy between those systems and that of black holes of the same size.