Abstract
Accurate jet charge identification is essential for precise electroweak and flavor measurements at the high-energy frontier. We propose a novel method called the Leading Particle Jet Charge method (LPJC) to determine the jet charge based on information of the leading charged particle. Tested on Z → \( b\overline{b} \) and Z → \( c\overline{c} \) samples at center-of-mass energy of 91.2 GeV, the LPJC achieves an effective tagging power ϵeff of 20%/9% for c/b jet, respectively. In combination with the Weighted Jet Charge method (WJC), we develop a Heavy Flavor Jet Charge method (HFJC), which achieves an effective tagging power ϵeff of 39%/20% for c/b jet, respectively. This paper also discusses the dependencies between jet charge identification performance and the fragmentation process of heavy flavor jets, as well as critical detector performances.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
HFLAV collaboration, Averages of b-hadron, c-hadron, and τ-lepton properties as of 2021, Phys. Rev. D 107 (2023) 052008 [arXiv:2206.07501] [INSPIRE].
H.T. Li and I. Vitev, Jet charge modification in dense QCD matter, Phys. Rev. D 101 (2020) 076020 [arXiv:1908.06979] [INSPIRE].
B.T. Elder, Jet Fragmentation at the LHC, Ph.D. Thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. (2018).
R.D. Field and R.P. Feynman, A Parametrization of the Properties of Quark Jets, Nucl. Phys. B 136 (1978) 1 [INSPIRE].
H.T. Li, B. Yan and C.-P. Yuan, Discriminating between Higgs Production Mechanisms via Jet Charge at the LHC, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131 (2023) 041802 [arXiv:2301.07914] [INSPIRE].
X.-R. Wang and B. Yan, Probing the Hgg coupling through the jet charge correlation in Higgs boson decay, Phys. Rev. D 108 (2023) 056010 [arXiv:2302.02084] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Quark versus Gluon Jet Tagging Using Jet Images with the ATLAS Detector, ATL-PHYS-PUB-2017-017 (2017).
B.T. Elder, M. Procura, J. Thaler, W.J. Waalewijn and K. Zhou, Generalized Fragmentation Functions for Fractal Jet Observables, JHEP 06 (2017) 085 [arXiv:1704.05456] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Quark versus Gluon Jet Tagging Using Charged Particle Multiplicity with the ATLAS Detector, ATL-PHYS-PUB-2017-009 (2017).
C. Frye, A.J. Larkoski, J. Thaler and K. Zhou, Casimir Meets Poisson: Improved Quark/Gluon Discrimination with Counting Observables, JHEP 09 (2017) 083 [arXiv:1704.06266] [INSPIRE].
A.J. Larkoski, J. Thaler and W.J. Waalewijn, Gaining (Mutual) Information about Quark/Gluon Discrimination, JHEP 11 (2014) 129 [arXiv:1408.3122] [INSPIRE].
J. Gallicchio and M.D. Schwartz, Quark and Gluon Tagging at the LHC, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 (2011) 172001 [arXiv:1106.3076] [INSPIRE].
K. Lee, J. Mulligan, M. Płoskoń, F. Ringer and F. Yuan, Machine learning-based jet and event classification at the Electron-Ion Collider with applications to hadron structure and spin physics, JHEP 03 (2023) 085 [arXiv:2210.06450] [INSPIRE].
P. Ilten, N.L. Rodd, J. Thaler and M. Williams, Disentangling Heavy Flavor at Colliders, Phys. Rev. D 96 (2017) 054019 [arXiv:1702.02947] [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, Measurements of jet charge with dijet events in pp collisions at \( \sqrt{s} \) = 8 TeV, JHEP 10 (2017) 131 [arXiv:1706.05868] [INSPIRE].
B. Yan and C.-P. Yuan, Anomalous \( Zb\overline{b} \) Couplings: From LEP to LHC, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 (2021) 051801 [arXiv:2101.06261] [INSPIRE].
Z. Zhao, S. Yang, M. Ruan, M. Liu and L. Han, Measurement of the effective weak mixing angle at the CEPC, Chin. Phys. C 47 (2023) 123002 [arXiv:2204.09921] [INSPIRE].
D. d’Enterria and C. Yan, Forward-backward b-quark asymmetry at the Z pole: QCD uncertainties redux, in the proceedings of the 53rd Rencontres de Moriond on QCD and High Energy Interactions, La Thuile, Italy, 17–24 March 2018, pp. 253–257 [arXiv:1806.00141] [INSPIRE].
DELPHI collaboration, Determination of \( {A}_{\textrm{FB}}^b \) at the Z pole using inclusive charge reconstruction and lifetime tagging, Eur. Phys. J. C 40 (2005) 1 [hep-ex/0412004] [INSPIRE].
OPAL collaboration, Measurement of heavy quark forward backward asymmetries and average B mixing using leptons in hadronic Z decays, Phys. Lett. B 577 (2003) 18 [hep-ex/0308051] [INSPIRE].
ALEPH collaboration, Measurement of the forward backward asymmetry in Z → \( b\overline{b} \) and Z → \( c\overline{c} \) decays with leptons, Eur. Phys. J. C 24 (2002) 177 [INSPIRE].
OPAL collaboration, Measurement of the b quark forward backward asymmetry around the Z0 peak using an inclusive tag, Phys. Lett. B 546 (2002) 29 [hep-ex/0209076] [INSPIRE].
ALEPH collaboration, Measurement of \( {A}_{\textrm{FB}}^b \) using inclusive b hadron decays, Eur. Phys. J. C 22 (2001) 201 [hep-ex/0107033] [INSPIRE].
DELPHI collaboration, Measurement of the forward-backward asymmetry of e+e− → Z → \( b\overline{b} \) using prompt leptons and a lifetime tag, Z. Phys. C 65 (1995) 569 [INSPIRE].
L3 collaboration, Measurement of the e+e− → \( b\overline{b} \) and e+e− → \( c\overline{c} \) forward backward asymmetries at the Z0 resonance, Phys. Lett. B 292 (1992) 454 [INSPIRE].
L3 collaboration, Measurement of the effective weak mixing angle by jet charge asymmetry in hadronic decays of the Z boson, Phys. Lett. B 439 (1998) 225 [INSPIRE].
DELPHI collaboration, Measurements of sin2 ϑW from the charge asymmetry of hadronic events at the Z0 peak, in the proceedings of the Joint 15th International Lepton-Photon Symposium and 16th Europhysics Conference on High-Energy Physics, Geneva, Switzerland, 25 July–1 August 1991, IEKP-KA-91-12 (1992).
S. Chen et al., Heavy Flavour Physics and CP Violation at LHCb: a Ten-Year Review, Front. Phys. 18 (2023) 44601 [arXiv:2111.14360] [INSPIRE].
LHCb collaboration, Beautiful mixing and CP violation at LHCb, in the proceedings of the 55th Rencontres de Moriond on QCD and High Energy Interactions, La Thuile, Italy, 27 March 2021–3 April 2021, arXiv:2111.06786 [INSPIRE].
A. Bertolin, CP violation in beauty with the LHCb experiment, PoS LHCP2021 (2021) 049 [INSPIRE].
S. Maccolini, CP violation in charm with the LHCb experiment, PoS LHCP2021 (2021) 048 [INSPIRE].
K. Heinicke, Optimization of Flavour Tagging Algorithms for the LHCb Experiment, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany (2016) [CERN-THESIS-2016-152].
Belle-II collaboration, The Belle II Physics Book, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2019 (2019) 123C01 [Erratum ibid. 2020 (2020) 029201] [arXiv:1808.10567] [INSPIRE].
CDF collaboration, Measurement of B0 → \( {\overline{B}}^0 \) flavor oscillations using jet-charge and lepton flavor tagging in \( p\overline{p} \) collisions at \( \sqrt{s} \) = 1.8 TeV, Phys. Rev. D 60 (1999) 072003 [hep-ex/9903011] [INSPIRE].
LEP Heavy Flavor Working Group, QCD corrections to the forward-backward asymmetries of c and b quarks at the Z pole, Eur. Phys. J. C 4 (1998) 185 [INSPIRE].
OPAL collaboration, Measurement of the time dependence of \( {B}_d^0\leftrightarrow {\overline{B}}_d^0 \) mixing using a jet charge technique, Phys. Lett. B 327 (1994) 411 [INSPIRE].
ALEPH collaboration, Measurement of charge asymmetry in hadronic Z decays, Phys. Lett. B 259 (1991) 377 [INSPIRE].
J. Bielcikova, Summary: Jets and High-pT , PoS HardProbes2020 (2021) 028 [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, Measurement of quark- and gluon-like jet fractions using jet charge in PbPb and pp collisions at 5.02 TeV, JHEP 07 (2020) 115 [arXiv:2004.00602] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Measurement of jet charge in dijet events from \( \sqrt{s} \) = 8 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector, Phys. Rev. D 93 (2016) 052003 [arXiv:1509.05190] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Jet Charge with the ATLAS Detector using \( \sqrt{s} \) = 8 TeV pp Collision Data, in the proceedings of the 2nd Large Hadron Collider Physics Conference, New York City, NY, U.S.A., 2–7 June 2014, arXiv:1409.0318 [INSPIRE].
D. Krohn, M.D. Schwartz, T. Lin and W.J. Waalewijn, Jet Charge at the LHC, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 (2013) 212001 [arXiv:1209.2421] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Measurement of the CP-violating phase ϕs and the \( {B}_s^0 \) meson decay width difference with \( {B}_s^0 \) → J/ψϕ decays in ATLAS, JHEP 08 (2016) 147 [arXiv:1601.03297] [INSPIRE].
LHCb collaboration, Physics case for an LHCb Upgrade. Part II. Opportunities in flavour physics, and beyond, in the HL-LHC era, arXiv:1808.08865 [INSPIRE].
A. Gianelle et al., Quantum Machine Learning for b-jet charge identification, JHEP 08 (2022) 014 [arXiv:2202.13943] [INSPIRE].
BaBar collaboration, Measurement of Time-Dependent CP Asymmetry in B0 → \( c\overline{c}{K}^{\left(\ast \right)}0 \) Decays, Phys. Rev. D 79 (2009) 072009 [arXiv:0902.1708] [INSPIRE].
BaBar collaboration, Measurement of CP Asymmetries and Branching Fractions in Charmless Two-Body B-Meson Decays to Pions and Kaons, Phys. Rev. D 87 (2013) 052009 [arXiv:1206.3525] [INSPIRE].
Belle-II collaboration, B-flavor tagging at Belle II, Eur. Phys. J. C 82 (2022) 283 [arXiv:2110.00790] [INSPIRE].
R.K. Ellis et al., Physics Briefing Book: Input for the European Strategy for Particle Physics Update 2020, arXiv:1910.11775 [INSPIRE].
CEPC Study Group, CEPC Conceptual Design Report: Volume 1. Accelerator, arXiv:1809.00285 [INSPIRE].
CEPC Study Group, CEPC Conceptual Design Report: Volume 2. Physics & Detector, arXiv:1811.10545 [INSPIRE].
FCC collaboration, FCC Physics Opportunities: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 1, Eur. Phys. J. C 79 (2019) 474 [INSPIRE].
FCC collaboration, FCC-ee: The Lepton Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 2, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 228 (2019) 261 [INSPIRE].
FCC collaboration, FCC-hh: The Hadron Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 3, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 228 (2019) 755 [INSPIRE].
ILC collaboration, The International Linear Collider Technical Design Report. Volume 2: Physics, arXiv:1306.6352 [INSPIRE].
L. Linssen, A. Miyamoto, M. Stanitzki and H. Weerts eds., Physics and Detectors at CLIC: CLIC Conceptual Design Report, arXiv:1202.5940 [https://doi.org/10.5170/CERN-2012-003] [INSPIRE].
M. Bai et al., C3: A “Cool” Route to the Higgs Boson and Beyond, in the proceedings of the Snowmass 2021, Seattle, U.S.A., 17–26 July 2022, arXiv:2110.15800 [INSPIRE].
S. Belomestnykh et al., Higgs-Energy LEptoN (HELEN) Collider based on advanced superconducting radio frequency technology, in the proceedings of the Snowmass 2021, Seattle, U.S.A., 17–26 July 2022, arXiv:2203.08211 [INSPIRE].
Y. Zhu, H. Liang, Y. Wang, H. Qu, C. Zhou and M. Ruan, ParticleNet and its application on CEPC jet flavor tagging, Eur. Phys. J. C 84 (2024) 152 [arXiv:2309.13231] [INSPIRE].
P. Stienemeier et al., WHIZARD 3.0: Status and News, in the proceedings of the International Workshop on Future Linear Colliders, Seattle, Switzerland, 15–18 March 2021, arXiv:2104.11141 [INSPIRE].
S. Braß, W. Kilian, T. Ohl, J. Reuter, V. Rothe and P. Stienemeier, Precision Monte Carlo simulations with WHIZARD, CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs 3 (2020) 205 [INSPIRE].
W. Kilian, T. Ohl and J. Reuter, WHIZARD: Simulating Multi-Particle Processes at LHC and ILC, Eur. Phys. J. C 71 (2011) 1742 [arXiv:0708.4233] [INSPIRE].
J. Bellm et al., Herwig 7.0/Herwig++ 3.0 release note, Eur. Phys. J. C 76 (2016) 196 [arXiv:1512.01178] [INSPIRE].
Sherpa collaboration, Event Generation with Sherpa 2.2, SciPost Phys. 7 (2019) 034 [arXiv:1905.09127] [INSPIRE].
T. Sjostrand, S. Mrenna and P.Z. Skands, PYTHIA 6.4 Physics and Manual, JHEP 05 (2006) 026 [hep-ph/0603175] [INSPIRE].
W.J. Waalewijn, Calculating the Charge of a Jet, Phys. Rev. D 86 (2012) 094030 [arXiv:1209.3019] [INSPIRE].
Particle Data collaboration, Review of Particle Physics, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2020 (2020) 083C01 [INSPIRE].
H.-M. Chang, M. Procura, J. Thaler and W.J. Waalewijn, Calculating Track Thrust with Track Functions, Phys. Rev. D 88 (2013) 034030 [arXiv:1306.6630] [INSPIRE].
LHCb collaboration, Precise determination of the \( {B}_s^0-{\overline{B}}_s^0 \) oscillation frequency, Nat. Phys. 18 (2022) 1 [arXiv:2104.04421] [INSPIRE].
A. Lenz and U. Nierste, Theoretical update of \( {B}_s-{\overline{B}}_s \) mixing, JHEP 06 (2007) 072 [hep-ph/0612167] [INSPIRE].
CDF collaboration, Observation of \( {B}_s^0-{\overline{B}}_s^0 \) Oscillations, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006) 242003 [hep-ex/0609040] [INSPIRE].
LHCb collaboration, Precision measurement of the \( {B}_s^0-{\overline{B}}_s^0 \) oscillation frequency with the decay \( {B}_s^0\to {D}_s^{-}{\pi}^{+} \), New J. Phys. 15 (2013) 053021 [arXiv:1304.4741] [INSPIRE].
ALEPH collaboration, Measurement of \( B-\overline{B} \) mixing at the Z using a jet charge method, Phys. Lett. B 284 (1992) 177 [INSPIRE].
N. Carrasco, Neutral meson oscillations on the lattice, Nucl. Part. Phys. Proc. 273–275 (2016) 1631 [arXiv:1410.0161] [INSPIRE].
X. Li, M. Ruan and M. Zhao, Prospect for measurement of CP-violation phase ϕs study in the Bs → J/Ψϕ channel at future Z factory, arXiv:2205.10565 [INSPIRE].
R. Bhattacharyya et al., Attenuation of electromagnetic radiation in Nuclear Track Detectors, 2021 JINST 16 T06001 [arXiv:2010.09044] [INSPIRE].
G. Gaudio, The IDEA detector concept for FCCee, PoS ICHEP2022 (2022) 337 [INSPIRE].
D. Yu, T. Zheng and M. Ruan, Lepton identification performance in Jets at a future electron positron Higgs Z factory, arXiv:2105.01246 [https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/06/P06013] [INSPIRE].
F. An, S. Prell, C. Chen, J. Cochran, X. Lou and M. Ruan, Monte Carlo study of particle identification at the CEPC using TPC dE/dx information, Eur. Phys. J. C 78 (2018) 464 [arXiv:1803.05134] [INSPIRE].
Y. Zhu, S. Chen, H. Cui and M. Ruan, Requirement analysis for dE/dx measurement and PID performance at the CEPC baseline detector, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 1047 (2023) 167835 [arXiv:2209.14486] [INSPIRE].
H. Zhao, C. Fu, D. Yu, Z. Wang, T. Hu and M. Ruan, Particle flow oriented electromagnetic calorimeter optimization for the circular electron positron collider, 2018 JINST 13 P03010 [arXiv:1712.09625] [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, Identification of b-Quark Jets with the CMS Experiment, 2013 JINST 8 P04013 [arXiv:1211.4462] [INSPIRE].
Z.-B. Kang, A.J. Larkoski and J. Yang, Towards a Nonperturbative Formulation of the Jet Charge, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130 (2023) 151901 [arXiv:2301.09649] [INSPIRE].
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our gratitude to Gang LI for providing the generator samples used in this study. We are also thankful to Lingfeng Li for their valuable suggestion on flavor tagging. Furthermore, we extend our appreciation to Bin Yan, Yusheng Wu, Dan Yu, and Yongfeng Zhu for their insightful discussions and contributions to this research. This project is supported by the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 113111KYSB20190030), the Innovative Scientific Program of Institute of High Energy Physics.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
ArXiv ePrint: 2306.14089
Rights and permissions
Open Access . This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
About this article
Cite this article
Cui, H., Zhao, M., Wang, Y. et al. Jet charge identification in the e+e− → Z → \( \textrm{q}\overline{\textrm{q}} \) process at Z pole. J. High Energ. Phys. 2024, 210 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2024)210
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2024)210