Abstract
Quark-gluon plasma’s (QGP) properties at non-hydrodynamic and non-perturbative regimes remain largely unexplored. Here, we examine the response functions describing how a QGP-like plasma responds to initial energy-momentum disturbance in both static and Bjorken-expanding plasma at non-hydrodynamic gradient using the Boltzmann equation in the relaxation-time approximation (RTA). We show that the resulting response functions are remarkably similar in both static and expanding backgrounds at non-hydrodynamic gradients. While non-hydrodynamic response can not be described by the conventional first-order and second-order theories, its behavior is reasonably captured by the extended version of hydrodynamics proposed by us [1]. The potential sensitivity of the Euclidean correlator to non-hydrodynamic response is also illustrated.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
W. Ke and Y. Yin, Does a Quark-Gluon Plasma Feature an Extended Hydrodynamic Regime?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130 (2023) 212303 [arXiv:2208.01046] [INSPIRE].
F. D’Eramo, M. Lekaveckas, H. Liu and K. Rajagopal, Momentum Broadening in Weakly Coupled Quark-Gluon Plasma (with a view to finding the quasiparticles within liquid quark-gluon plasma), JHEP 05 (2013) 031 [arXiv:1211.1922] [INSPIRE].
F. D’Eramo, K. Rajagopal and Y. Yin, Molière scattering in quark-gluon plasma: finding point-like scatterers in a liquid, JHEP 01 (2019) 172 [arXiv:1808.03250] [INSPIRE].
A. Kurkela, U.A. Wiedemann and B. Wu, Flow in AA and pA as an interplay of fluid-like and non-fluid like excitations, Eur. Phys. J. C 79 (2019) 965 [arXiv:1905.05139] [INSPIRE].
J. Casalderrey-Solana, G. Milhano, D. Pablos and K. Rajagopal, Modification of Jet Substructure in Heavy Ion Collisions as a Probe of the Resolution Length of Quark-Gluon Plasma, JHEP 01 (2020) 044 [arXiv:1907.11248] [INSPIRE].
A. Kurkela, A. Mazeliauskas and R. Törnkvist, Collective flow in single-hit QCD kinetic theory, JHEP 11 (2021) 216 [arXiv:2104.08179] [INSPIRE].
Z. Yang, Y. He, I. Moult and X.-N. Wang, Probing the Short-Distance Structure of the Quark-Gluon Plasma with Energy Correlators, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132 (2024) 011901 [arXiv:2310.01500] [INSPIRE].
A. Kurkela and U.A. Wiedemann, Analytic structure of nonhydrodynamic modes in kinetic theory, Eur. Phys. J. C 79 (2019) 776 [arXiv:1712.04376] [INSPIRE].
M.P. Heller, A. Kurkela, M. Spaliński and V. Svensson, Hydrodynamization in kinetic theory: Transient modes and the gradient expansion, Phys. Rev. D 97 (2018) 091503 [arXiv:1609.04803] [INSPIRE].
J. Hong and D. Teaney, Spectral densities for hot QCD plasmas in a leading log approximation, Phys. Rev. C 82 (2010) 044908 [arXiv:1003.0699] [INSPIRE].
P. Romatschke, Relativistic Fluid Dynamics Far From Local Equilibrium, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 (2018) 012301 [arXiv:1704.08699] [INSPIRE].
R. Kunnawalkam Elayavalli and K.C. Zapp, Medium response in JEWEL and its impact on jet shape observables in heavy ion collisions, JHEP 07 (2017) 141 [arXiv:1707.01539] [INSPIRE].
Y. He et al., Interplaying mechanisms behind single inclusive jet suppression in heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 99 (2019) 054911 [arXiv:1809.02525] [INSPIRE].
S. Cao and X.-N. Wang, Jet quenching and medium response in high-energy heavy-ion collisions: a review, Rept. Prog. Phys. 84 (2021) 024301 [arXiv:2002.04028] [INSPIRE].
S. Cao and G.-Y. Qin, Medium Response and Jet-Hadron Correlations in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 73 (2023) 205 [arXiv:2211.16821] [INSPIRE].
JETSCAPE collaboration, Hydrodynamic response to jets with a source based on causal diffusion, Nucl. Phys. A 1005 (2021) 121920 [arXiv:2002.12250] [INSPIRE].
J. Casalderrey-Solana, E.V. Shuryak and D. Teaney, Conical flow induced by quenched QCD jets, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 27 (2005) 22 [hep-ph/0411315] [INSPIRE].
R.B. Neufeld, B. Muller and J. Ruppert, Sonic Mach Cones Induced by Fast Partons in a Perturbative Quark-Gluon Plasma, Phys. Rev. C 78 (2008) 041901 [arXiv:0802.2254] [INSPIRE].
J. Casalderrey-Solana et al., Jet Wake from Linearized Hydrodynamics, JHEP 05 (2021) 230 [arXiv:2010.01140] [INSPIRE].
G.D. Moore and K.A. Sohrabi, Kubo Formulae for Second-Order Hydrodynamic Coefficients, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 122302 [arXiv:1007.5333] [INSPIRE].
P. Petreczky and D. Teaney, Heavy quark diffusion from the lattice, Phys. Rev. D 73 (2006) 014508 [hep-ph/0507318] [INSPIRE].
P.K. Kovtun and A.O. Starinets, Quasinormal modes and holography, Phys. Rev. D 72 (2005) 086009 [hep-th/0506184] [INSPIRE].
P. Romatschke, Retarded correlators in kinetic theory: branch cuts, poles and hydrodynamic onset transitions, Eur. Phys. J. C 76 (2016) 352 [arXiv:1512.02641] [INSPIRE].
R. Baier et al., Relativistic viscous hydrodynamics, conformal invariance, and holography, JHEP 04 (2008) 100 [arXiv:0712.2451] [INSPIRE].
S. Bhattacharyya, V.E. Hubeny, S. Minwalla and M. Rangamani, Nonlinear Fluid Dynamics from Gravity, JHEP 02 (2008) 045 [arXiv:0712.2456] [INSPIRE].
S. Grozdanov and N. Kaplis, Constructing higher-order hydrodynamics: The third order, Phys. Rev. D 93 (2016) 066012 [arXiv:1507.02461] [INSPIRE].
X. Du, S. Ochsenfeld and S. Schlichting, Universality of energy-momentum response in kinetic theories, Phys. Lett. B 845 (2023) 138161 [arXiv:2306.09094] [INSPIRE].
S. Ochsenfeld and S. Schlichting, Hydrodynamic and non-hydrodynamic excitations in kinetic theory — a numerical analysis in scalar field theory, JHEP 09 (2023) 186 [arXiv:2308.04491] [INSPIRE].
I. Amado, C. Hoyos-Badajoz, K. Landsteiner and S. Montero, Hydrodynamics and beyond in the strongly coupled N = 4 plasma, JHEP 07 (2008) 133 [arXiv:0805.2570] [INSPIRE].
J.F. Fuini, C.F. Uhlemann and L.G. Yaffe, Damping of hard excitations in strongly coupled \(\mathcal{N}\) = 4 plasma, JHEP 12 (2016) 042 [arXiv:1610.03491] [INSPIRE].
T. Scopigno, G. Ruocco and F. Sette, Microscopic dynamics in liquid metals: The experimental point of view, Rev. Mod. Phys. 77 (2005) 881 [cond-mat/0503677] [INSPIRE].
K. Trachenko and V.V. Brazhkin, Collective modes and thermodynamics of the liquid state, Rept. Prog. Phys. 79 (2015) 016502.
S. Grozdanov, P.K. Kovtun, A.O. Starinets and P. Tadić, Convergence of the Gradient Expansion in Hydrodynamics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 (2019) 251601 [arXiv:1904.01018] [INSPIRE].
S. Grozdanov, P.K. Kovtun, A.O. Starinets and P. Tadić, The complex life of hydrodynamic modes, JHEP 11 (2019) 097 [arXiv:1904.12862] [INSPIRE].
M.P. Heller et al., Convergence of hydrodynamic modes: insights from kinetic theory and holography, SciPost Phys. 10 (2021) 123 [arXiv:2012.15393] [INSPIRE].
M.P. Heller et al., Relativistic Hydrodynamics: A Singulant Perspective, Phys. Rev. X 12 (2022) 041010 [arXiv:2112.12794] [INSPIRE].
M.P. Heller, R.A. Janik, M. Spaliński and P. Witaszczyk, Coupling hydrodynamics to nonequilibrium degrees of freedom in strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 261601 [arXiv:1409.5087] [INSPIRE].
L. Gavassino, M.M. Disconzi and J. Noronha, Universality Classes of Relativistic Fluid Dynamics I: Foundations, arXiv:2302.03478 [INSPIRE].
L. Gavassino, M.M. Disconzi and J. Noronha, Universality Classes of Relativistic Fluid Dynamics II: Applications, arXiv:2302.05332 [INSPIRE].
M. Stephanov and Y. Yin, Hydrodynamics with parametric slowing down and fluctuations near the critical point, Phys. Rev. D 98 (2018) 036006 [arXiv:1712.10305] [INSPIRE].
A. Kurkela et al., Effective kinetic description of event-by-event pre-equilibrium dynamics in high-energy heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 99 (2019) 034910 [arXiv:1805.00961] [INSPIRE].
A. Kurkela et al., Matching the Nonequilibrium Initial Stage of Heavy Ion Collisions to Hydrodynamics with QCD Kinetic Theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 (2019) 122302 [arXiv:1805.01604] [INSPIRE].
X. Du and S. Schlichting, Equilibration of the Quark-Gluon Plasma at Finite Net-Baryon Density in QCD Kinetic Theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 (2021) 122301 [arXiv:2012.09068] [INSPIRE].
S. Kamata et al., Hydrodynamization and nonequilibrium Green’s functions in kinetic theory, Phys. Rev. D 102 (2020) 056003 [arXiv:2004.06751] [INSPIRE].
J. Brewer, L. Yan and Y. Yin, Adiabatic hydrodynamization in rapidly-expanding quark-gluon plasma, Phys. Lett. B 816 (2021) 136189 [arXiv:1910.00021] [INSPIRE].
J. Brewer, W. Ke, L. Yan and Y. Yin, Far-from-equilibrium slow modes and momentum anisotropy in expanding plasma, arXiv:2212.00820 [INSPIRE].
J. Brewer, B. Scheihing-Hitschfeld and Y. Yin, Scaling and adiabaticity in a rapidly expanding gluon plasma, JHEP 05 (2022) 145 [arXiv:2203.02427] [INSPIRE].
S. Jaiswal et al., Exact solutions and attractors of higher-order viscous fluid dynamics for Bjorken flow, Phys. Rev. C 100 (2019) 034901 [arXiv:1907.07965] [INSPIRE].
G.S. Denicol, H. Niemi, E. Molnar and D.H. Rischke, Derivation of transient relativistic fluid dynamics from the Boltzmann equation, Phys. Rev. D 85 (2012) 114047 [Erratum ibid. 91 (2015) 039902] [arXiv:1202.4551] [INSPIRE].
Y. Akamatsu, A. Mazeliauskas and D. Teaney, A kinetic regime of hydrodynamic fluctuations and long time tails for a Bjorken expansion, Phys. Rev. C 95 (2017) 014909 [arXiv:1606.07742] [INSPIRE].
H.B. Meyer, Transport Properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma: A Lattice QCD Perspective, Eur. Phys. J. A 47 (2011) 86 [arXiv:1104.3708] [INSPIRE].
H.B. Meyer, Energy-momentum tensor correlators and spectral functions, JHEP 08 (2008) 031 [arXiv:0806.3914] [INSPIRE].
S. Borsányi et al., High statistics lattice study of stress tensor correlators in pure SU(3) gauge theory, Phys. Rev. D 98 (2018) 014512 [arXiv:1802.07718] [INSPIRE].
J. Ghiglieri, G.D. Moore and D. Teaney, Second-order Hydrodynamics in Next-to-Leading-Order QCD, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 (2018) 052302 [arXiv:1805.02663] [INSPIRE].
Acknowledgments
We thank Xiao-Jian Du, Aleksi Kurkela, Jia-Ning Li, Zong-lin Mo, Krishna Rajagopal, Soeren Schlichting and Xin-Nian Wang for useful discussions and comments. Y. Y. would like to acknowledge financial support by NSFC under grant No.12175282. W. K. was supported by the LDRD Program at Los Alamos National Laboratory. When preparing for the draft, we used Grammaly-Go AI to improve the presentation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
ArXiv ePrint: 2312.08062
Rights and permissions
Open Access . This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
About this article
Cite this article
Ke, W., Yin, Y. Non-hydrodynamic response in QCD-like plasma. J. High Energ. Phys. 2024, 171 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2024)171
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2024)171