Dynamic freeze-in: impact of thermal masses and cosmological phase transitions on dark matter production
- 27 Downloads
Abstract
The cosmological abundance of dark matter can be significantly influenced by the temperature dependence of particle masses and vacuum expectation values. We illustrate this point in three simple freeze-in models. The first one, which we call kinematically induced freeze-in, is based on the observation that the effective mass of a scalar temporarily becomes very small as the scalar potential undergoes a second order phase transition. This opens dark matter production channels that are otherwise forbidden. The second model we consider, dubbed vev-induced freeze-in, is a fermionic Higgs portal scenario. Its scalar sector is augmented compared to the Standard Model by an additional scalar singlet, S, which couples to dark matter and temporarily acquires a vacuum expectation value (a two-step phase transition or “vev flip-flop”). While 〈S〉 ≠ 0, the modified coupling structure in the scalar sector implies that dark matter production is significantly enhanced compared to the 〈S〉 = 0 phases realised at very early times and again today. The third model, which we call mixing-induced freeze-in, is similar in spirit, but here it is the mixing of dark sector fermions, induced by non-zero 〈S〉, that temporarily boosts the dark matter production rate. For all three scenarios, we carefully dissect the evolution of the dark sector in the early Universe. We compute the DM relic abundance as a function of the model parameters, emphasising the importance of thermal corrections and the proper treatment of phase transitions in the calculation.
Keywords
Beyond Standard Model Cosmology of Theories beyond the SM Thermal Field TheoryNotes
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
References
- [1]E.W. Kolb and M.S. Turner, The Early Universe, Addison-Wesley, (1990).Google Scholar
- [2]LUX collaboration, D.S. Akerib et al., Results from a search for dark matter in the complete LUX exposure, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (2017) 021303 [arXiv:1608.07648] [INSPIRE].
- [3]PandaX-II collaboration, A. Tan et al., Dark Matter Results from First 98.7 Days of Data from the PandaX-II Experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 (2016) 121303 [arXiv:1607.07400] [INSPIRE].
- [4]Fermi-LAT collaboration, M. Ackermann et al., Searching for Dark Matter Annihilation from Milky Way Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies with Six Years of Fermi Large Area Telescope Data, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 (2015) 231301 [arXiv:1503.02641] [INSPIRE].
- [5]AMS collaboration, L. Accardo et al., High Statistics Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays of 0.5-500 GeV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 121101 [INSPIRE].
- [6]M.S. Madhavacheril, N. Sehgal and T.R. Slatyer, Current Dark Matter Annihilation Constraints from CMB and Low-Redshift Data, Phys. Rev. D 89 (2014) 103508 [arXiv:1310.3815] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
- [7]ATLAS collaboration, Search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=13 \) TeV using the ATLAS detector, Phys. Rev. D 94 (2016) 032005 [arXiv:1604.07773] [INSPIRE].
- [8]CMS Collaboration, Search for dark matter in final states with an energetic jet, or a hadronically decaying W or Z boson using 12.9 fb −1 of data at \( \sqrt{s}=13 \) TeV, CMS-PAS-EXO-16-037 [INSPIRE].
- [9]J.L. Feng and J. Kumar, The WIMPless Miracle: Dark-Matter Particles without Weak-Scale Masses or Weak Interactions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 (2008) 231301 [arXiv:0803.4196] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [10]R.D. Peccei and H.R. Quinn, CP Conservation in the Presence of Instantons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 (1977) 1440 [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [11]L.D. Duffy and K. van Bibber, Axions as Dark Matter Particles, New J. Phys. 11 (2009) 105008 [arXiv:0904.3346] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [12]M. Drewes et al., A White Paper on keV Sterile Neutrino Dark Matter, JCAP 01 (2017) 025 [arXiv:1602.04816] [INSPIRE].Google Scholar
- [13]Y. Hochberg, E. Kuflik, T. Volansky and J.G. Wacker, Mechanism for Thermal Relic Dark Matter of Strongly Interacting Massive Particles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 171301 [arXiv:1402.5143] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [14]Y. Hochberg, E. Kuflik, H. Murayama, T. Volansky and J.G. Wacker, Model for Thermal Relic Dark Matter of Strongly Interacting Massive Particles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 (2015) 021301 [arXiv:1411.3727] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [15]E. Kuflik, M. Perelstein, N. R.-L. Lorier and Y.-D. Tsai, Elastically Decoupling Dark Matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 (2016) 221302 [arXiv:1512.04545] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [16]S. Bird et al., Did LIGO detect dark matter?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 (2016) 201301 [arXiv:1603.00464] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [17]G.F. Giudice, E.W. Kolb and A. Riotto, Largest temperature of the radiation era and its cosmological implications, Phys. Rev. D 64 (2001) 023508 [hep-ph/0005123] [INSPIRE].
- [18]J. McDonald, Thermally generated gauge singlet scalars as selfinteracting dark matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 091304 [hep-ph/0106249] [INSPIRE].
- [19]L.J. Hall, K. Jedamzik, J. March-Russell and S.M. West, Freeze-In Production of FIMP Dark Matter, JHEP 03 (2010) 080 [arXiv:0911.1120] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- [20]M. Blennow, E. Fernandez-Martinez and B. Zaldivar, Freeze-in through portals, JCAP 01 (2014) 003 [arXiv:1309.7348] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [21]N. Bernal, M. Heikinheimo, T. Tenkanen, K. Tuominen and V. Vaskonen, The Dawn of FIMP Dark Matter: A Review of Models and Constraints, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 32 (2017) 1730023 [arXiv:1706.07442] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [22]P.B. Arnold and O. Espinosa, The effective potential and first order phase transitions: Beyond leading-order, Phys. Rev. D 47 (1993) 3546 [Erratum ibid. D 50 (1994) 6662] [hep-ph/9212235] [INSPIRE].
- [23]K. Kajantie, M. Laine, K. Rummukainen and M.E. Shaposhnikov, A nonperturbative analysis of the finite T phase transition in SU(2) × U(1) electroweak theory, Nucl. Phys. B 493 (1997) 413 [hep-lat/9612006] [INSPIRE].
- [24]K. Kajantie, M. Laine, K. Rummukainen and M.E. Shaposhnikov, Is there a hot electroweak phase transition at m H ≳ m W ?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 2887 [hep-ph/9605288] [INSPIRE].
- [25]F. Csikor, Z. Fodor and J. Heitger, Endpoint of the hot electroweak phase transition, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (1999) 21 [hep-ph/9809291] [INSPIRE].
- [26]K. Rummukainen, M. Tsypin, K. Kajantie, M. Laine and M.E. Shaposhnikov, The universality class of the electroweak theory, Nucl. Phys. B 532 (1998) 283 [hep-lat/9805013] [INSPIRE].
- [27]D. Curtin, P. Meade and C.-T. Yu, Testing Electroweak Baryogenesis with Future Colliders, JHEP 11 (2014) 127 [arXiv:1409.0005] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [28]M.J. Baker and J. Kopp, Dark Matter Decay between Phase Transitions at the Weak Scale, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 (2017) 061801 [arXiv:1608.07578] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [29]M.J. Baker, Dark matter models beyond the WIMP paradigm, in Proceedings, 31st Rencontres de Physique de La Vallée d’Aoste (La Thuile): La Thuile, Aosta, Italy, March 5-11, 2017, Nuovo Cim. C 40 (2018) 163 [INSPIRE].
- [30]V.S. Rychkov and A. Strumia, Thermal production of gravitinos, Phys. Rev. D 75 (2007) 075011 [hep-ph/0701104] [INSPIRE].
- [31]A. Strumia, Thermal production of axino Dark Matter, JHEP 06 (2010) 036 [arXiv:1003.5847] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- [32]D. Cadamuro, S. Hannestad, G. Raffelt and J. Redondo, Cosmological bounds on sub-MeV mass axions, JCAP 02 (2011) 003 [arXiv:1011.3694] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [33]D. Cadamuro and J. Redondo, Cosmological bounds on pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons, JCAP 02 (2012) 032 [arXiv:1110.2895] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [34]D. Cadamuro, Cosmological limits on axions and axion-like particles, Ph.D. thesis, Munich U., 2012. arXiv:1210.3196 [INSPIRE].
- [35]T.R. Slatyer and C.-L. Wu, General Constraints on Dark Matter Decay from the Cosmic Microwave Background, Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 023010 [arXiv:1610.06933] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
- [36]M.E. Peskin and D.V. Schroeder, An introduction to quantum field theory, Addison-Wesley, Reading, U.S.A., (1995).Google Scholar
- [37]S.R. Coleman and E.J. Weinberg, Radiative Corrections as the Origin of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking, Phys. Rev. D 7 (1973) 1888 [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
- [38]L. Dolan and R. Jackiw, Symmetry Behavior at Finite Temperature, Phys. Rev. D 9 (1974) 3320 [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
- [39]M.E. Carrington, The effective potential at finite temperature in the Standard Model, Phys. Rev. D 45 (1992) 2933 [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
- [40]M. Quirós, Finite temperature field theory and phase transitions, in Proceedings, Summer School in High-energy physics and cosmology: Trieste, Italy, June 29-July 17, 1998, pp. 187-259, hep-ph/9901312 [INSPIRE].
- [41]A. Ahriche, What is the criterion for a strong first order electroweak phase transition in singlet models?, Phys. Rev. D 75 (2007) 083522 [hep-ph/0701192] [INSPIRE].
- [42]C. Delaunay, C. Grojean and J.D. Wells, Dynamics of Non-renormalizable Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, JHEP 04 (2008) 029 [arXiv:0711.2511] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [43]C.L. Wainwright, CosmoTransitions: Computing Cosmological Phase Transition Temperatures and Bubble Profiles with Multiple Fields, Comput. Phys. Commun. 183 (2012) 2006 [arXiv:1109.4189] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [44]J. Kozaczuk, S. Profumo, L.S. Haskins and C.L. Wainwright, Cosmological Phase Transitions and their Properties in the NMSSM, JHEP 01 (2015) 144 [arXiv:1407.4134] [INSPIRE].ADSMathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [45]N. Blinov, J. Kozaczuk, D.E. Morrissey and C. Tamarit, Electroweak Baryogenesis from Exotic Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 035012 [arXiv:1504.05195] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
- [46]J. Kozaczuk, Bubble Expansion and the Viability of Singlet-Driven Electroweak Baryogenesis, JHEP 10 (2015) 135 [arXiv:1506.04741] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [47]M. Cirelli, N. Fornengo and A. Strumia, Minimal dark matter, Nucl. Phys. B 753 (2006) 178 [hep-ph/0512090] [INSPIRE].
- [48]S. Profumo, M.J. Ramsey-Musolf and G. Shaughnessy, Singlet Higgs phenomenology and the electroweak phase transition, JHEP 08 (2007) 010 [arXiv:0705.2425] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [49]J.M. Cline, G. Laporte, H. Yamashita and S. Kraml, Electroweak Phase Transition and LHC Signatures in the Singlet Majoron Model, JHEP 07 (2009) 040 [arXiv:0905.2559] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [50]J.R. Espinosa, T. Konstandin and F. Riva, Strong Electroweak Phase Transitions in the Standard Model with a Singlet, Nucl. Phys. B 854 (2012) 592 [arXiv:1107.5441] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- [51]Y. Cui, L. Randall and B. Shuve, Emergent Dark Matter, Baryon and Lepton Numbers, JHEP 08 (2011) 073 [arXiv:1106.4834] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- [52]J.M. Cline and K. Kainulainen, Electroweak baryogenesis and dark matter from a singlet Higgs, JCAP 01 (2013) 012 [arXiv:1210.4196] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [53]M. Fairbairn and R. Hogan, Singlet Fermionic Dark Matter and the Electroweak Phase Transition, JHEP 09 (2013) 022 [arXiv:1305.3452] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [54]A. Beniwal, M. Lewicki, J.D. Wells, M. White and A.G. Williams, Gravitational wave, collider and dark matter signals from a scalar singlet electroweak baryogenesis, JHEP 08 (2017) 108 [arXiv:1702.06124] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [55]T. Cohen, D.E. Morrissey and A. Pierce, Changes in Dark Matter Properties After Freeze-Out, Phys. Rev. D 78 (2008) 111701 [arXiv:0808.3994] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
- [56]G.’t Hooft, Naturalness, chiral symmetry, and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking, in Recent Developments in Gauge Theories. Proceedings, Nato Advanced Study Institute, Cargese, France, August 26 - September 8, 1979, NATO Sci. Ser. B 59 (1980) 135.Google Scholar
- [57]M.A.G. Garcia, Y. Mambrini, K.A. Olive and M. Peloso, Enhancement of the Dark Matter Abundance Before Reheating: Applications to Gravitino Dark Matter, Phys. Rev. D 96 (2017) 103510 [arXiv:1709.01549] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
- [58]F. Elahi, C. Kolda and J. Unwin, UltraViolet Freeze-in, JHEP 03 (2015) 048 [arXiv:1410.6157] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [59]H.H. Patel and M.J. Ramsey-Musolf, Baryon Washout, Electroweak Phase Transition and Perturbation Theory, JHEP 07 (2011) 029 [arXiv:1101.4665] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- [60]P. Gondolo and G. Gelmini, Cosmic abundances of stable particles: Improved analysis, Nucl. Phys. B 360 (1991) 145 [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [61]J. Edsjo and P. Gondolo, Neutralino relic density including coannihilations, Phys. Rev. D 56 (1997) 1879 [hep-ph/9704361] [INSPIRE].