Abstract
Magnetic monopoles and Q-balls are examples of topological and nontopological solitons, respectively. A new soliton state with both topological and nontopological charges is shown to also exist, given a monopole sector with a portal coupling to an additional scalar field S with a global U(1) symmetry. This new state, the Q-monopole-ball, is more stable than an isolated Q-ball made of only S particles, and it could be stable against fissioning into monopoles and free S particles. Stable Q-monopole-balls can contain large magnetic charges, providing a novel nongravitational mechanism for binding like-charged monopoles together. They could be produced from a phase transition in the early universe and account for all dark matter.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
G. Rosen, Particlelike solutions to nonlinear complex scalar field theories with positive-definite energy densities, J. Math. Phys. 9 (1968) 996 [INSPIRE].
R. Friedberg, T. D. Lee and A. Sirlin, A class of scalar-field soliton solutions in three space dimensions, Phys. Rev. D 13 (1976) 2739 [INSPIRE].
S. R. Coleman, Q-balls, Nucl. Phys. B 262 (1985) 263 [Addendum ibid. 269 (1986) 744] [INSPIRE].
T. D. Lee and Y. Pang, Nontopological solitons, Phys. Rept. 221 (1992) 251 [INSPIRE].
E. Y. Nugaev and A. V. Shkerin, Review of nontopological solitons in theories with U(1)-symmetry, J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 130 (2020) 301 [arXiv:1905.05146] [INSPIRE].
A. Kusenko and M. E. Shaposhnikov, Supersymmetric Q balls as dark matter, Phys. Lett. B 418 (1998) 46 [hep-ph/9709492] [INSPIRE].
E. Pontón, Y. Bai and B. Jain, Electroweak symmetric dark matter balls, JHEP 09 (2019) 011 [arXiv:1906.10739] [INSPIRE].
P. A. M. Dirac, Quantised singularities in the electromagnetic field, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 133 (1931) 60 [INSPIRE].
G. ’t Hooft, Magnetic monopoles in unified gauge theories, Nucl. Phys. B 79 (1974) 276 [INSPIRE].
A. M. Polyakov, Particle spectrum in quantum field theory, JETP Lett. 20 (1974) 194 [Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 20 (1974) 430] [INSPIRE].
H. Georgi and S. L. Glashow, Unity of all elementary particle forces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 32 (1974) 438 [INSPIRE].
Y. M. Cho and D. Maison, Monopoles in Weinberg-Salam model, Phys. Lett. B 391 (1997) 360 [hep-th/9601028] [INSPIRE].
B. Cabrera, First results from a superconductive detector for moving magnetic monopoles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48 (1982) 1378 [INSPIRE].
MACRO collaboration, Final results of magnetic monopole searches with the MACRO experiment, Eur. Phys. J. C 25 (2002) 511 [hep-ex/0207020] [INSPIRE].
D. Ghosh and S. Chatterjea, Supermassive magnetic monopoles flux from the oldest mica samples, Europhys. Lett. 12 (1990) 25 [INSPIRE].
IceCube collaboration, Searches for relativistic magnetic monopoles in IceCube, Eur. Phys. J. C 76 (2016) 133 [arXiv:1511.01350] [INSPIRE].
MoEDAL collaboration, The physics programme Of The MoEDAL experiment At The LHC, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 29 (2014) 1430050 [arXiv:1405.7662] [INSPIRE].
O. Gould and A. Rajantie, Magnetic monopole mass bounds from heavy ion collisions and neutron stars, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 (2017) 241601 [arXiv:1705.07052] [INSPIRE].
N. E. Mavromatos and V. A. Mitsou, Magnetic monopoles revisited: Models and searches at colliders and in the Cosmos, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 35 (2020) 2030012 [arXiv:2005.05100] [INSPIRE].
K.-M. Lee, J. A. Stein-Schabes, R. Watkins and L. M. Widrow, Gauged Q balls, Phys. Rev. D 39 (1989) 1665 [INSPIRE].
I. E. Gulamov, E. Y. Nugaev, A. G. Panin and M. N. Smolyakov, Some properties of U(1) gauged Q-balls, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 045011 [arXiv:1506.05786] [INSPIRE].
Y. Brihaye, A. Cisterna, B. Hartmann and G. Luchini, From topological to nontopological solitons: kinks, domain walls, and Q-balls in a scalar field model with a nontrivial vacuum manifold, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 124061 [arXiv:1511.02757] [INSPIRE].
J. Heeck, A. Rajaraman, R. Riley and C. B. Verhaaren, Mapping gauged Q-balls, Phys. Rev. D 103 (2021) 116004 [arXiv:2103.06905] [INSPIRE].
E. B. Bogomolny, Stability of classical solutions, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 24 (1976) 449 [Yad. Fiz. 24 (1976) 861] [INSPIRE].
M. K. Prasad and C. M. Sommerfield, An exact classical solution for the ’t Hooft monopole and the Julia-Zee dyon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 35 (1975) 760 [INSPIRE].
E. J. Weinberg and A. H. Guth, Nonexistence of spherically symmetric monopoles with multiple magnetic charge, Phys. Rev. D 14 (1976) 1660 [INSPIRE].
S. Bolognesi, Multi-monopoles and magnetic bags, Nucl. Phys. B 752 (2006) 93 [hep-th/0512133] [INSPIRE].
K.-M. Lee and E. J. Weinberg, BPS magnetic monopole bags, Phys. Rev. D 79 (2009) 025013 [arXiv:0810.4962] [INSPIRE].
N. J. Hitchin, N. S. Manton and M. K. Murray, Symmetric monopoles, Nonlinearity 8 (1995) 661 [dg-ga/9503016] [INSPIRE].
C. J. Houghton and P. M. Sutcliffe, Tetrahedral and cubic monopoles, Commun. Math. Phys. 180 (1996) 343 [hep-th/9601146] [INSPIRE].
C. J. Houghton and P. M. Sutcliffe, Octahedral and dodecahedral monopoles, Nonlinearity 9 (1996) 385 [hep-th/9601147] [INSPIRE].
N. S. Manton, Monopole planets and galaxies, Phys. Rev. D 85 (2012) 045022 [arXiv:1111.2934] [INSPIRE].
J. Evslin and S. B. Gudnason, High Q BPS monopole bags are urchins, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 29 (2014) 1450004 [arXiv:1111.3891] [INSPIRE].
J. Evslin and S. B. Gudnason, Dwarf galaxy sized monopoles as dark matter?, arXiv:1202.0560 [INSPIRE].
S. Bolognesi, Magnetic bags and black holes, Nucl. Phys. B 845 (2011) 324 [arXiv:1005.4642] [INSPIRE].
K.-M. Lee and E. J. Weinberg, Nontopological magnetic monopoles and new magnetically charged black holes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 (1994) 1203 [hep-th/9406021] [INSPIRE].
J. Maldacena, Comments on magnetic black holes, JHEP 04 (2021) 079 [arXiv:2004.06084] [INSPIRE].
Y. Nambu, String-like configurations in the Weinberg-Salam theory, Nucl. Phys. B 130 (1977) 505 [INSPIRE].
M. Hindmarsh and T. W. B. Kibble, Beads on strings, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 (1985) 2398 [INSPIRE].
V. Berezinsky and A. Vilenkin, Cosmic necklaces and ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (1997) 5202 [astro-ph/9704257] [INSPIRE].
M. Hindmarsh, K. Rummukainen and D. J. Weir, Numerical simulations of necklaces in SU(2) gauge-Higgs field theory, Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 063520 [arXiv:1611.08456] [INSPIRE].
S. B. Gudnason and J. Evslin, Global monopoles of charge 2, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 045044 [arXiv:1507.03400] [INSPIRE].
P. Peter, Superconducting cosmic string: Equation of state for space-like and time - like current in the neutral limit, Phys. Rev. D 45 (1992) 1091 [INSPIRE].
R. A. Battye and S. J. Cotterill, Stable cosmic vortons in bosonic field theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 (2021) 241601 [arXiv:2111.07822] [INSPIRE].
Y. Bai, M. Korwar and N. Orlofsky, Electroweak-symmetric dark monopoles from preheating, JHEP 07 (2020) 167 [arXiv:2005.00503] [INSPIRE].
D. Levkov, E. Nugaev and A. Popescu, The fate of small classically stable Q-balls, JHEP 12 (2017) 131 [arXiv:1711.05279] [INSPIRE].
Y. Bai, J. Berger, M. Korwar and N. Orlofsky, Phenomenology of magnetic black holes with electroweak-symmetric coronas, JHEP 10 (2020) 210 [arXiv:2007.03703] [INSPIRE].
Y. Bai and M. Korwar, Hairy magnetic and dyonic black holes in the standard model, JHEP 04 (2021) 119 [arXiv:2012.15430] [INSPIRE].
Y. Bai and N. Orlofsky, Primordial extremal black holes as dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 101 (2020) 055006 [arXiv:1906.04858] [INSPIRE].
B. Carr, K. Kohri, Y. Sendouda and J. Yokoyama, Constraints on primordial black holes, Rept. Prog. Phys. 84 (2021) 116902 [arXiv:2002.12778] [INSPIRE].
T. D. Lee, Soliton stars and the critical masses of black holes, Phys. Rev. D 35 (1987) 3637 [INSPIRE].
R. Friedberg, T. D. Lee and Y. Pang, Scalar soliton stars and black holes, Phys. Rev. D 35 (1987) 3658 [INSPIRE].
E. Witten, Cosmic separation of phases, Phys. Rev. D 30 (1984) 272 [INSPIRE].
A. Katz and M. Perelstein, Higgs couplings and electroweak phase transition, JHEP 07 (2014) 108 [arXiv:1401.1827] [INSPIRE].
B. Jain, S. J. Lee and M. Son, Validity of the effective potential and the precision of Higgs field self-couplings, Phys. Rev. D 98 (2018) 075002 [arXiv:1709.03232] [INSPIRE].
Planck collaboration, Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys. 641 (2020) A6 [Erratum ibid. 652 (2021) C4] [arXiv:1807.06209] [INSPIRE].
T. Prokopec, Formation of topological and nontopological defects in the early universe, Phys. Lett. B 262 (1991) 215 [INSPIRE].
R. Leese and T. Prokopec, Clustering of cosmological defects at the time of formation, Phys. Lett. B 260 (1991) 27 [INSPIRE].
R. A. Leese and T. Prokopec, Monte Carlo simulation of texture formation, Phys. Rev. D 44 (1991) 3749 [INSPIRE].
T. Okabe and M. Nagasawa, Formation of multiple winding topological defects in the early universe, Phys. Lett. B 461 (1999) 49 [hep-ph/9905401] [INSPIRE].
K. Griest and E. W. Kolb, Solitosynthesis: cosmological evolution of nontopological solitons, Phys. Rev. D 40 (1989) 3231 [INSPIRE].
J. Preskill, Cosmological production of superheavy magnetic monopoles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 (1979) 1365 [INSPIRE].
J. A. Frieman, G. B. Gelmini, M. Gleiser and E. W. Kolb, Solitogenesis: primordial origin of nontopological solitons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 (1988) 2101 [INSPIRE].
K. Griest, E. W. Kolb and A. Massarotti, Statistical fluctuations as the origin of nontopological solitons, Phys. Rev. D 40 (1989) 3529 [INSPIRE].
J. A. Frieman, A. V. Olinto, M. Gleiser and C. Alcock, Cosmic evolution of nontopological solitons. 1, Phys. Rev. D 40 (1989) 3241 [INSPIRE].
W. H. Zurek, Cosmological experiments in superfluid helium?, Nature 317 (1985) 505 [INSPIRE].
H. Murayama and J. Shu, Topological dark matter, Phys. Lett. B 686 (2010) 162 [arXiv:0905.1720] [INSPIRE].
E. N. Parker, The origin of magnetic fields, Astrophys. J. 160 (1970) 383 [INSPIRE].
M. S. Turner, E. N. Parker and T. J. Bogdan, Magnetic monopoles and the survival of galactic magnetic fields, Phys. Rev. D 26 (1982) 1296 [INSPIRE].
A. Fletcher, E. M. Berkhuijsen, R. Beck and A. Shukurov, The magnetic field of M31 from multi-wavelength radio polarization observations, Astron. Astrophys. 414 (2004) 53 [astro-ph/0310258] [INSPIRE].
T. G. Arshakian, R. Beck, M. Krause and D. Sokoloff, Evolution of magnetic fields in galaxies and future observational tests with the Square Kilometre Array, Astron. Astrophys. 494 (2009) 21 [arXiv:0810.3114] [INSPIRE].
A. Klypin, H. Zhao and R. S. Somerville, Lambda CDM-based models for the Milky Way and M31 I: dynamical models, Astrophys. J. 573 (2002) 597 [astro-ph/0110390] [INSPIRE].
A. Tamm, E. Tempel, P. Tenjes, O. Tihhonova and T. Tuvikene, Stellar mass map and dark matter distribution in M31, Astron. Astrophys. 546 (2012) A4 [arXiv:1208.5712] [INSPIRE].
Y. Bai and J. Berger, Nucleus capture by macroscopic dark matter, JHEP 05 (2020) 160 [arXiv:1912.02813] [INSPIRE].
P. Adhikari et al., First direct detection constraints on Planck-scale mass dark matter with multiple-scatter signatures using the DEAP-3600 detector, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 (2022) 011801 [arXiv:2108.09405] [INSPIRE].
D. Ghosh, A. Thalapillil and F. Ullah, Astrophysical hints for magnetic black holes, Phys. Rev. D 103 (2021) 023006 [arXiv:2009.03363] [INSPIRE].
M. D. Diamond and D. E. Kaplan, Constraints on relic magnetic black holes, arXiv:2103.01850 [INSPIRE].
Y. Bai, S. Lu and N. Orlofsky, Searching for magnetic monopoles with the Earth’s magnetic field, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 (2021) 101801 [arXiv:2103.06286] [INSPIRE].
J. P. VanDevender et al., Detection of magnetized quark-nuggets, a candidate for dark matter, Sci. Rep. 7 (2017) 8758 [arXiv:1708.07490] [INSPIRE].
T. Sloan et al., Magnetised quark nuggets in the atmosphere, Sci. Rep. 11 (2021) 22432 [arXiv:2109.14480] [INSPIRE].
J. S. Sidhu and G. Starkman, Macroscopic dark matter constraints from bolide camera networks, Phys. Rev. D 100 (2019) 123008 [arXiv:1908.00557] [INSPIRE].
Y. Zhao et al., A brief review of magnetic anomaly detection, Meas. Sci. Techol. 32 (2020) 042002.
I. Kominis, T. Kornack, J. Allred and M. Romalis, A subfemtotesla multichannel atomic magnetometer, Nature 422 (2003) 596.
H. B. Dang, A. C. Maloof and M. V. Romalis, Ultrahigh sensitivity magnetic field and magnetization measurements with an atomic magnetometer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 (2010) 151110.
D. A. Keder, D. W. Prescott, A. W. Conovaloff and K. L. Sauer, An unshielded radio-frequency atomic magnetometer with sub-femtoTesla sensitivity, AIP Adv. 4 (2014) 127159.
R. Li et al., A dual-axis, high-sensitivity atomic magnetometer, Chin. Phys. B 26 (2017) 120702.
P. Ripka, Magnetic sensors and magnetometers, Artech house, London U.K. (2021).
J. J. Love, Magnetic monitoring of earth and space, Phys. Today 61 (2008) 31.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
ArXiv ePrint: 2111.10360
Rights and permissions
Open Access . This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
About this article
Cite this article
Bai, Y., Lu, S. & Orlofsky, N. Q-monopole-ball: a topological and nontopological soliton. J. High Energ. Phys. 2022, 109 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP01(2022)109
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP01(2022)109