Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Determinants of Healthy Eating in Children and Youth

Les déterminants de la saine alimentation chez les enfants et les jeunes

  • Published:
Canadian Journal of Public Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review outlines the state of knowledge and research gaps in the area of determinants of healthy eating among children and youth. The article is structured around individual and collective determinants that affect healthy eating in children and youth. We defined healthy eating as “eating practices and behaviours that are consistent with improving, maintaining and/or enhancing health.” Relevant databases were searched for papers published between January 1992 and March 2003 that focussed on children or youth and reported at least one factor relevant to healthy eating. Among collective factors, familial factors and the nature of foods available in the physical environment, including at home, schools and in fast-food establishments, stand out as significant influences on healthy eating in children and youth. The media, particularly television, also have an enormous potential influence and can overshadow familial influences. Individual factors identified include knowledge, attitudes and food preferences; only the latter have been identified as a strong determinant of healthy eating in both children and adolescents. The results of the review identified a significant body of literature in the area of determinants of healthy eating in children and youth; however, very little of this research has taken place in Canada. Only a few determinants, such as economic factors and food security, the content of media nutritional messages, and the issue of flavours, neophobia and food preferences, have undergone some examination by Canadian researchers. Research priorities for Canada in the area of determinants of healthy eating and surveillance of eating behaviours are identified.

Résumé

Le présent article traite de l’état actuel des connaissances ainsi que des lacunes observées au niveau de la recherche portant sur les déterminants de la saine alimentation chez les enfants et les jeunes, c.-à-d. les déterminants d’ordre individuel et collectif qui influencent la saine alimentation. La définition suivante de la saine alimentation a été retenue: «des habitudes ou comportements alimentaires qui favorisent l’amélioration ou le maintien de la santé». Nous avons consulté les banques de données pertinentes à la recherche d’articles traitant d’au moins un facteur relatif à la saine alimentation chez les enfants ou les jeunes, publiés entre janvier 1 992 et mars 2003. Certains facteurs collectifs, entre autres des facteurs d’ordre familial, de même que les aliments disponibles dans l’environnement physique (domicile, école et établissements de restauration rapide) exercent une influence significative sur la saine alimentation chez les enfants et les jeunes. Les médias, particulièrement la télévision, exercent parfois une influence énorme qui peut même éclipser celle de la famille. Parmi les facteurs individuels, mentionnons les connaissances, les attitudes et les préférences alimentaires, seules ces dernières ayant été identifiées en tant que déterminant important de la saine alimentation, à la fois chez les enfants et les adolescents. Bien que cet examen nous ait permis d’identifier une quantité importante d’études scientifiques relatives aux déterminants de la saine alimentation chez les enfants et les jeunes, très peu d’études ont été menées au Canada. En effet, seuls certains déterminants ont été examinés de quelque façon que ce soit par des chercheurs canadiens, à savoir les facteurs économiques qui influencent la sécurité alimentaire, le contenu des messages médiatiques en matière de nutrition et les problèmes entourant les flaveurs, la néophobie et les préférences alimentaires. Notre examen nous a également permis de dégager les principales priorités de recherche en matière de déterminants de la saine alimentation et de surveillance des comportements alimentaires au Canada.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Références

  1. Lino M, Basiotis PP, Gerrior SA, Carlson A. The quality of young children’s diets. Fam Econ Nutr Rev 2002;14;52–60.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Suitor CW, Gleason PM. Using dietary reference intake-based methods to estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake among school aged children. J Am Diet Assoc 2002;102:530–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wilkinson Enns C, Mickle SJ, Goldman JD. Trends in food and nutrient intakes by children in the United States. Fam Econ Nutr Rev 2002;14:56–68.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Resnick MD, Blum RW. Correlates of inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents. Prev Med 1996;25:497–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Munoz CA, Krebs-Smith SM, Ballard-Barbash R, Cleveland LE. Food intakes of US children and adolescents compared with recommendations. Pediatrics 1997;100:323–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Munoz CA, Krebs-Smith SM, Ballard-Barbash R, Cleveland LE. Errors in food intake article. Pediatrics 1998;101:952–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Levine EL, Guthrie JF. Nutrient intakes and eating patterns of teenagers. Fam Econ Nutr Rev 1997;10:20–35.

    Google Scholar 

  8. King AJC, Boyce WF, King MA. La santé des jeunes: tendances au Canada. Ottawa, ON: Santé Canada, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Evers S, Taylor J, Manske S, Midgett C. Eating and smoking behaviours of school children in Southwestern Ontario and Charlotte town, PEI. Rev can santé publique 2001;92:433–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Taylor J, Bradley D, Peacock R. Food Habits Survey of Students in Grades 4 to 9 in the Western School Board. Final Report submitted to the PEI Health Research Program. March, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Johnson RK, Nicklas TA. Position of the American Dietetic Association: dietary guidance for healthy children aged 2 to 11 years. J Am Diet Assoc 1999;99:93–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for school health programs to promote lifelong healthy eating. J Sch Health 1997;67:9–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Bronner YL. Nutritional status outcomes for children: Ethnic, cultural, and environmental contexts. J Am Diet Assoc 1996;96:891–903.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Tremblay MS, Willms JD. Secular trends in the body mass index of Canadian children. CMAJ 2000;63:1429–33. Erratum 2001;164(7):970.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Troiano RP, Flegal KM. Overweight children and adolescents: Description, epidemiology, and demographics. Pediatrics 1998;101:497–504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chinn S, Rona RJ. Prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity in three cross sectional studies of British children, 1974–94. BMJ 2001;322:24–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Morrison JA, James FW, Sprecher DL, Khoury PR, Daniels SR. Sex and race differences in cardiovascular disease risk factor changes in school children, 1975–1990: The Princeton School Study. Am J Pub Health 1999;89(11):1708–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Nicklas TA, Webber L, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Secular trends in dietary intakes and cardiovascular risk factors of 10 year old children: The Bogalusa Heart Study (1973–1988). Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57:930–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ernst ND, Obarzanek E. Child health and nutrition: Obesity and high blood cholesterol. Prev Med 1994;23(4):427–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Santé Canada. Modèle d’intégration de la santé de la population et de la promotion de la santé. Février 1996. Tiré du site https://doi.org/www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hppb/phdd/php/php2.htm#Healthy, le 27 juin 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Nicklas T, Bao W, Webber L, Berenson G. Breakfast consumption affects adequacy of total daily intake in children. J Am Diet Assoc 1993a;93:886–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Drewnowski A. Taste preferences and food intake. Annu Rev Nutr 1997a;17:237–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Birch LL. Children’s preferences for high fat foods. Nutr Rev 1992;50:249–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Skinner JD, Carruth BR, Bounds W, Ziegler PJ, Reidy K. Do food related experiences in the first 2 years of life predict dietary variety in school aged children? J Nutr Educ Behav 2002;34:310–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Krebs-Smith SM, Heimendinger J, Patterson BH, Subar AF, Kessler R, Pivouka E. Psychosocial factors associated with fruit and vegetable consumption. Am J Health Promot 1995;10:98–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Drenowski A, Henderson SA, Levine A, Hann C. Taste and food preferences as predictors of dietary practices in young women. Public Health Nutr 1999;2:513–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Resnicow K, Davis-Hearn M, Smith M, Baranowski T, Lin LS, Baronowski J, et al. Social-cognitive predictors of fruit and vegetable intake in children. Health Psychol 1997;16:272–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ross S. ‘Do I really have to eat that?’: A qualitative study of schoolchildren’s food choices and preferences. Health Educ Journal 1995;54:312–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Watt RG, Sheiham A. Towards an understanding of young people’s conceptualisation of food and eating. Health Educ J 1997;56:340–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Baranowski T, Domel S, Gould R, Baranowski J, Leonard S, et al. Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among 4th and 5th grade students: Results from focus groups using reciprocal determinism. J Nutr Educ 1993;25:114–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kirby S, Baranowski T, Reynolds K, Taylor G, Binkley D. Children’s fruit and vegetable intake: Socioeconomic, adult child, regional and urban-rural influences. J Nutr Educ 1995;27:261–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Shepherd J, Harden A, Rees R, Brunton G, Garcia J, Oliver S, Oakley A. Young people and healthy eating: A systematic review of research on barriers and facilitators. London, England: Evidence for Policy and Practice (EPPI-Centre), 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  33. French SA, Story M, Hannan P, Breitlow KK, Jeffery RW, Baxter JS, Snyder MP. Cognitive and demographic correlates of low-fat vending snack choices among adolescents and adults. J Am Diet Assoc 1999;99:471–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Pirouznia M. The correlation between nutrition knowledge and eating behavior in an American school: The role of ethnicity. Nutr Health 2000;14:89–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Pirouznia M. The association between nutrition knowledge and eating behavior in male and female adolescents in the US. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2001;52:127–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Edwards JS, Hartwell HH. Fruit and vegetables–attitudes and knowledge of primary school children. J Hum Nutr Diet 2002;15:365–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Croll JK, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M. Healthy eating: What does it mean to adolescents? J Nutr Educ 2001;33:193–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Harrell JS, McMurray RG, Bangdiwala SI, Frauman AC, Gansky SA, Bradley CB. Effects of a school-based intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in elementary-school children: The Cardiovascular Health in Children (CHIC) study. J Pediatr 1996;128:797–805.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hart KH, Bishop JA, Truby H. An investigation into school children’s knowledge and awareness of food and nutrition. J Hum Nutr Diet 2002;15:129–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hern MJ, Gates D. Linking learning with health behaviours of high school adolescents. PediatrNurs 1998;24:127–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Keirle K, Thomas M. The influence of school health education programmes on the knowledge and behaviour of school children towards nutrition and health. Res Sci Technol Educ 2000;18:173–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Vandongen RV, Jenner DA, Thompson C, Taggart AC, Spickett EE, Burke V, et al. A controlled evaluation of a fitness and nutrition intervention program on cardiovascular health in 10- to 12-year-old children. Prev Med 1995;24:9–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Wardle J, Parmenter K, Waller J. Nutrition knowledge and food intake. Appetite 2000;34:269–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Berg MC, Goeteborg U, Jonsson I, Conner MT, Lissner L. Relation between breakfast food choices and knowledge of dietary fat and fiber among Swedish schoolchildren. J Adolesc Health 2002;31:199–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Baranowski T, Cullen KW, Baranowski J. Psychosocial correlates of dietary intake: Advancing dietary intervention. Annu Rev Nutr 1999;19:17–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Noble C, Corney M, Eves A, Kipps M, Lumbers M. School meals: Primary schoolchildren’s perceptions of the healthiness of foods served at school and their preferences for these foods. Health Educ J 2001;60:102–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Perry CL, Stone E, Parcel GS, Ellison RC, Nader PR, Webber LS, Luepker RV. School-based cardiovascular health promotion: The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH). J Sch Health 1990;60:406–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Reynolds KD, Franklin FA, Binkley D, Raczynski JM, Harrington KF, Kirk KA, Person S. Increasing the fruit and vegetable consumption of fourth-graders: Results from the High 5 Project. Prev Med 2000;20:309–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. O’Dea JA. Why do kids eat healthful food? Perceived benefits of and barriers to healthful eating and physical activity among children and adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc 2003;103:497–501.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Reynolds KD, Hinton AW, Shewchuk RM, Hickey CA. Social cognitive model of fruit and vegetable consumption in elementary children. J Nutr Educ 1999a;31:23–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Berg C, Jonsson I, Conner M. Understanding choice of milk and bread for breakfast among Swedish children aged 11–15 years: An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Appetite 2000;34:5–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Baranowski T, Cullen KW, Nicklas T, Thompson D, Baranowski J. School-based obesity prevention: A blueprint for taming the epidemic. Am J Health Behav 2002;26:486–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Lytle LA, Varnell S, Murray DM, Story M, Perry C, Nirnbaum AS, Kubik MY. Predicting adolescents’ intake of fruits and vegetables. J Nutr Educ Behav 2003;35:170–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Chapman G, MacLean H. “Junk food” and “healthy food”: Meanings of food in adolescent women’s culture. J Nutr Educ 1993;25:108–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Novotny R, Han JS, Biernacke I. Motivators and barriers to consuming calcium-rich foods among Asian adolescents in Hawaii. J Nutr Educ 1999;31:99–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Croll JK, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M. Healthy eating: What does it mean to adolescents? J Nutr Educ 2001;33:193–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Drewnowski A. Fat and sugar: An economic analysis. J Nutr 2003;133:838S–840S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. French SA. Pricing effects on food choices. J Nutr 2003;133;841S–843S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Guthrie JF, Lin B-H, Frazao E. Role of food prepared away from home in the American diet, 1977–78 versus 1994–96: Changes and consequences. J Nutr Educ Behav 2002;34:140–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Pelto GH, Backstrand JR. Interrelationships between power related and belief-related factors determine nutrition in populations. J Nutr 2003;133:297S–300S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Cullen KW, Lara KM, de Moor C. Children’s dietary fat intake and fat practices vary by meal and day. J Am Diet Assoc 2002b;102:1773–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Guillaume M, Lapidus L, Lambert A. Obesity and nutrition in children. The Belgian Luxemburg Child Study IV. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:323–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Crawford, PB, Obarzanek E, Schreiber GB, Barrier P, Goldman S, Frederick MM, Sabry ZI. The effects of race, household income and parental education on nutrient intakes of 9 and 10 year old girls. Ann Epidemiol 1995;5:360–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Neumark-Sztainer D, Hannan PJ, Story M, Croll J, Perry C. Family meal patterns: Associations with sociodemographic characteristics and improved dietary intake among adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc 2003;103:317–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Mennell S. The globalization of eating. Appetite. 2000;35:191–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Krondl M, Lau D. Acculturation of food habit. In: Masi R, Mensah LL, MacLeod K (Eds), Health and Cultures, Vol. I. Oakville, ON: Mosaic Press Publishers, 1993;185–94.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Kuhnlein HV, Soueida R, Receveur O. Baffin Inuit food use by age, gender and season. J Can Diet Assoc 1995;56:175–83.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Evers S. Dietary intake and nutritional status of Canadian Indians: A review. Arctic Med Res 1991;50(Suppl 5):731–34.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Trifonopoulos M, Kuhnlein H, Receveur O. Analysis of 24-hour recalls of 164 fourth- to sixth-grade Mohawk children in Kahnawake. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:814–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Morrison NE, Receveur O, Kuhnlein HV, Appavoo DM, Soueida R, Pierrot P. Contemporary Sahtu Dene/Metis use of traditional and market food. Ecol Food Nutr 1995;34:197–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Davison KK, Birch LL. Childhood overweight: A contextual model and recommendations for future research. Obes Rev 2001;2:159–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Oliveria SA, Ellison RC, Moore LL, Gillman MW, Garrahie EJ, Singer MR. Parent-child relationships in nutrient intake: The Framingham Children’s Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:593–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Nicklas TA, Baranowski T, Cullen KW, Berenson G. Eating patterns, dietary quality and obesity. J Am Coll Nutr 2001a;20:599–608.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Resnicow K, Davis-Hearn M, Smith M, Baranowski T, Lin LS, Baronowski J, Doyle C, Wang DT. Social-cognitive predictors of fruit and vegetable intake in children. Health Psychol 1997;16:272–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Hearn MD, Baranowski T, Baranowski J, Doyle C, Smith M, Lin L, Resnicow K. Environmental influences on dietary behaviour among children: Availability and accessibility of fruits and vegetables enable consumption. J Health Educ 1998;29:26–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Backman DR, Haddad EH, Lee JW, Johnston PK, Hodgkin GE. Psychosocial predictors of healthful dietary behavior in adolescents. J Nutr Educ Behav 2002;34:184–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Promoting Healthy Eating and Active Living in Children Project. Barriers and enablers to healthy eating and active living in children: Key findings in six Nova Scotia communities. Canadian Diabetes Association. December, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Tibbs T, Haire-Joshu D, Schechtman KB, Brownson RC, Nanney MS, Houston C, Auslander W. The relationship between parental modeling, eating patterns, and dietary intake among African-American parents. J Am Diet Assoc 2001;101:535–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Skinner JD, Carruth BR, Moran III J, Houck K, Schmidhammer J, Reed A, Coletta F. Toddlers’ food preferences: Concordance with family members’ preferences. J Nutr Educ 1998;30:17–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Neumark-Sztainer D. The social environments of adolescents: associations between socioenvi-ronmental factors and health behaviors during adolescence. Adolesc Med 1999a;10:41–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Frazier AL, Rockett HRH, Camargo CA, Field AE, et al. Family dinner and diet quality among older children and adolescents. Arch Fam Med 2000;9:235–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Videon TM, Manning CK. Influence on adolescent eating patterns; The importance of family meals. J Adolesc Health 2003;32:365–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Fisher JO, Birch LL. Restricting access to foods and children’s eating. Appetite 1999a;32:405–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Birch LL. Psychological influences on the childhood diet. J Nutr 1998;128:407S–410S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Fisher JO, Birch LL. Restricting access to a palatable food affects children’s behavioral response, food selection, and intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1999b;69:1264–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Birch LL. Development of food acceptance patterns in the first years of life. Proc Nutr Soc 1998;57:617–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Birch LL, Fisher JO. Development of eating behaviors among children and adolescents. Pediatrics 1998;101:539–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Fisher JO, Mitchell DC, Smiciklas-Wright H, Birch LL. Parental influences on young girls’ fruit and vegetable, micronutrient and fat intakes. J Am Diet Assoc 2002;102:58–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Nicklas TA, Baranowski T, Baranowski J, Cullen K, Rittenberry L, Olivera N. Family and child-care provider influences on preschool children’s fruit, juice and vegetable consumption. Nutr Rev 2001b;59:224–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Contento IR, Basch C, Shea S, Guting B, Zybert P, Michela JL, Rips J. Relationship of mothers’ food choice criteria to food intake of preschool children: identification of family subgroups. Health Educ Q 1993;20:243–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Zive MM, Berry CC, Sallis JF, Frank GC, Nader PR. Tracking dietary intake in white and Mexican-American children from age 4 to 12 years. J Am Diet Assoc 2002a;102:683–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Gibson EL, Wardle J, Watts CJ. Fruit and vegetable consumption, nutritional knowledge and beliefs in mothers and children. Appetite 1998;31:205–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Gable S, Lutz S. Nutrition socialization experiences of children in the Head Start program. J Am Diet Assoc 2001;101:572–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Birch LL. Effects of peer models’ food choices and eating behaviors on preschoolers’ food preferences. Child Dev 1980;51:489–96.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Hendy HM, Raudenbush B. Effectiveness of teacher modelling to encourage food acceptance in preschool children. Appetite 2000;34:61–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Marquis M, Dagenais F, Filion YP. The habit of eating while watching television, the frequency of consumption of specific foods and food preferences, as reported by Quebec children. Can J Diet Pract Res 2002;63:S104.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Francis LA, Lee Y, Birch LL. Parental weight status and girls’ television viewing, snacking, and body mass indexes. Obes Res 2003;11:143–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Byrd-Bredbenner C, Grasso D. What is television trying to make children swallow?: Content analysis of the nutrition information in prime time advertisements. J Nutr Educ 2000;32:187–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Wadsworth LA, MacQuarrie A. Nutrition messages on Saturday morning children’s television: 1989–1998. Can J Diet Prac Res 2002;63(Supp):105.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Østbye T, Pomerleau J, White M, Coolich M, McWhinney J. Food and nutrition in Canadian “prime time” television commercials. Can J Public Health 1993;84:370–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Borzekowski DL, Robinson TN. The 30-second effect: An experiment revealing the impact of television commercials on food preferences of preschoolers. J Am Diet Assoc 2001;101:42–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Hanley AJG, Harris SB, Gittelsohn J, Wolever TMS, Saksvig B, Zinman B. Overweight among children and adolescents in a Native Canadian community: Prevalence and associated factors. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:693–700.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Berkey CS, Rockett HRH, Field AE, Gillman MW, Frazier AL, Camargo Jr CA, Colditz GA. Activity, dietary intake, and weight changes in a longitudinal study of preadolescent and adolescent boys and girls. Pediatrics 2000;105:56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Field AE, Camargo Jr CA, Barr Taylor C, Berkey CS, Roberts SB, Colditz GA. Peer, parent, and media influences on the development of weight concerns and frequent dieting among preadolescent and adolescent girls and boys. Pediatrics 2001;107:54–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Young LR, Nestle M. Expanding portion sizes in the US marketplace: Implications for nutrition counseling. J Am Diet Assoc 2003;103:231–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Rolls BJ, Engell D, Birch LL. Serving portion size influences 5-year-old but not 3-year-old children’s food intake. J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100:232–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hill JO, Peters JC. Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science 1998;280:1371–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Neumark-Sztainer D, Martin SL, Story M. School-based programs for obesity prevention: What do adolescents recommend? Am J Health Promot 2000a;14:232–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Briggs M, Safaii S, Beall DL. Position of the American Dietetic Association, Society for Nutrition Education and American School Food Service Association-Nutrition Services: An essential component of comprehensive school health programs. J Am Diet Assoc 2003;103:505–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Rankine D. Foods Available in New Brunswick Schools. Survey Report 1989–1990. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Unit, Public Health/Medical Services Division, Department of Health and Community Services. November, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Nova Scotia Department of Health, Nova Scotia Nutrition Council. Foods Offered in Schools. Report of a survey of school food provision practices in Nova Scotia. Halifax, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Manitoba Council on Child Nutrition. 2001. Food and nutrition in Manitoba schools. Survey Report 2001. Retrieved July 5, 2002 at: https://doi.org/www.mast.mb.ca/communications/poverty/MCCN.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  113. Taylor JP, Mather SE, McBride TL. Food and nutrition policies and programs in Prince Edward Island schools. Presented at the Second Conference of the International Society for Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA). Quebec City, July, 2003c.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Coalition for School Nutrition. 2001. Survey of food and nutrition policies and services in Newfoundland and Labrador. Retrieved July 5, 2002 from: https://doi.org/www.nlta.nf.c/a/html_files/coalition/survey.html

    Google Scholar 

  115. Health Canada. Scan of Canadian Nutrition Programs for School-Aged Children. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada. Childhood and Youth Division, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Luepker R, Perry C, McKinlay SM, Nader PR, Parcel GS, Stone EJ, et al. Outcomes of a field trial to improve children’s dietary patterns and physical activity: The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH). JAMA 1996;275:768–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Tarasuk V, Beaton G. Household food insecurity and hunger among families using food banks. Can J Public Health 1999a;90:109–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Tarasuk VS, Beaton GH. Women’s dietary intake in the context of household food insecurity. J Nutr 1999b;129:672–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. McIntyre L, Glanville NT, Raine KD, Dayle JB, Anderson B. Do low-income lone mothers compromise their nutrition to feed their children? CMAJ 2003;168:686–91.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  120. Hamelin AM, Habicht JP, Beaudry M. Food insecurity: Consequences for the household and broader social implications. J Nutr 1999;129:525S–528S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Badun C, Evers S, Hooper M. Food security and nutritional concerns of parents in an economically disadvantaged community. J Can Diet Assoc 1995;56:75–80.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Pliner P. Development of measures of food neophobia in children. Appetite 1994;23:147–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Pliner P, Stallberg-White C. “Pass the ketchup, please.”: Familiar flavours increase children’s willingness to try novel foods. Appetite 2000;34:95–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. De Bourdeaudhuij I, Van Oost P. Family members’ influence on decision making about food: Differences in perception and relationship with healthy eating. Am J Health Promot 1998;13:73–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Alderson TSJ, Ogden J. What do mothers feed their children and why? Health Educ Res 1999;14:717–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Cullen KW, Lara KM, de Moor C. Children’s dietary fat intake and fat practices vary by meal and day. J Am Diet Assoc 2002b;102:1773–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Fried EJ, Nestle M. The growing political movement against soft drinks in schools. JAMA 2002;288:2181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Kuribayashi A, Roberts MC, Johnson RJ. Actual nutritional information of products advertised to children and adults on Saturday. Child Health Care 2001;30:309–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Lytle LA, Eldredge AL, Kotz K, Piper J, Williams S, Kalina B. Children’s interpretation of nutrition messages. J Nutr Educ 1997;29:128–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. McQuaid S, Allen T, Smith N. A review of the labor market status of home economists in PEI. A report prepared for the PEI Home Economics Association and the University of Prince Edward Island. November, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Reynolds KD, Franklin FA, Binkley D, Raczynski JM, Harrington KF, Kirk KA, Person S. Increasing the fruit and vegetable consumption of fourth-graders: Results from the High 5 Project. Prev Med 2000;20:309–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Domel SB, Baranowski T, Davis H, Thompson WO, Leonard SB, Riley P, et al. Development and evaluation of a school intervention to increase fruit and vegetable consumption among 4th and 5th grade students. J Nutr Educ 1993;25:345–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Lytle LA, Fulkerson JA. Assessing the dietary environment: Examples from school based interventions. Public Health Nutr 2002;5:893–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. McAmmond D. Promotion et mesures de soutien d’une saine alimentation: Premier survol des lacunes au niveau des connaissances et des besoins en matière de recherche: Rapport final préparé pour le Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition, Santé Canada. Mars 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Statistique Canada. Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes, Cycle 2.1. Tiré de https://doi.org/www.statcan.ca/francais/concepts/health/cycle2_1/cchsinfo_f.htm, le 30 mars 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Contento IR, Randell JS, Basch CE. Review and analysis of evaluation measures used in nutrition education intervention research. J Nutr Educ Behav 2002;34:2–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family and Nutritional Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, 550 University Avenue, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada

    Jennifer P. Taylor Ph.D., R.D. (Professeure associée)

  2. Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Cuelph, Guelph, ON, Canada

    Susan Evers Ph.D., R.D. (Professeure)

  3. Faculty of Education, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada

    Mary McKenna Ph.D., R.D. (Professeure associée)

Authors
  1. Jennifer P. Taylor Ph.D., R.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Susan Evers Ph.D., R.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mary McKenna Ph.D., R.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jennifer P. Taylor Ph.D., R.D..

Additional information

Acknowledgements: Thank you to Rose Peacock, MHSc, RD, for her assistance with compiling reference lists for the paper, and to Michelle Hooper for her patience, wise advice and support.

Remerciements: L’auteure principale tient à souligner la contribution de Rose Peacock, MHSc, RD au niveau de la compilation des références utilisées pour la rédaction du présent article ainsi que Michelle Hooper pour sa patience, ses conseils judicieux et son appui.

French language version/Version en Français

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Taylor, J.P., Evers, S. & McKenna, M. Determinants of Healthy Eating in Children and Youth. Can J Public Health 96 (Suppl 3), S22–S29 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405197

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405197

MeSH terms

Mots clés

Search

Navigation