Skip to main content
Log in

The Potential Effectiveness of Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages

The Perceptions of Young Adult Canadians

  • Published:
Canadian Journal of Public Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Since 1989 when health warning labels appeared on Canadian cigarette packages, the labels have changed from text only covering less than one quarter of the package to text and graphics covering over half the package. This study examines how Canadians in their 20s feel about the current graphic warning labels and their potential to prevent smoking and encourage quitting.

Methods

Participants between 20 and 24 years of age were part of a 10-year cohort study begun when the group was in Grade 6, with the purpose of examining factors that may affect smoking. Five questions about warning labels were added to the 2002 questionnaire requesting information on perceptions of the labels and their potential impact on smoking behaviours of young adults. One item had been included in previous questionnaires.

Results

32.8% (n=1267) of the respondents were smokers, with males (35.6%) being more likely to smoke than females (30.4%). Current smokers were less likely than experimental/ex-smokers to believe that warning labels with stronger messages would make people their age less likely to smoke. Female current smokers were more likely to think about quitting.

Conclusion

Despite the efforts taken in developing the labels, some young adults are skeptical about their effects. Warning labels may have to be modified to target issues that are relevant to young adults; gender differences are important in this modification. Warning labels can offer an additional component to a comprehensive tobacco control program, in that they provide health information.

Résumé

Contexte

C’est en 1989 qu’est entrée en vigueur l’affichage obligatoire des étiquettes d’avertissement de dangers pour la santé sur les paquets de cigarettes vendus au Canada. Des étiquettes d’avertissement qui ne couvraient au départ que moins du quart de la surface du paquet de cigarettes, occupent maintenant plus de la moitié du paquet et sont assorties d’éléments textuels et graphiques. Cette étude vise à déterminer la perception des Canadiens dans la vingtaine à l’égard des éléments graphiques présents sur les étiquettes d’avertissement actuels et de leur efficacité comme mesure préventive du tabagisme et d’incitation à cesser de fumer.

Méthodes

Des personnes de 20 à 24 ans participaient à une étude de cohortes d’une durée de dix ans (qui a débuté alors que le groupe était en sixième année) qui portait sur les facteurs influant sur le tabagisme. On a ajouté au questionnaire de 2002 cinq questions liées aux étiquettes d’avertissement au sujet de la perception des étiquettes et leur effet éventuel sur les habitudes des mineurs au chapitre du tabagisme. Dans le passé, l’un de ces points avait été intégré aux questionnaires.

Résultats

Les fumeurs représentaient 32,8 % (n=1267) des répondants; les hommes (35,6 %) étaient davantage susceptibles de s’adonner au tabagisme que les femmes (30,4 %). Les fumeurs réguliers étaient moins susceptibles que les personnes qui tentaient l’expérience et celles qui ont cessé de fumer de croire que les étiquettes d’avertissement qui présenteraient des messages plus convaincants auraient un effet éventuel sur les habitudes de consommation du tabac des gens de leur âge. Les fumeuses régulières étaient plus susceptibles d’envisager de cesser de fumer.

Conclusion

Malgré les efforts investis dans la conception d’étiquettes, certains jeunes adultes émettent des doutes quant à l’efficacité d’une telle méthode. On faudrait probablement modifier les étiquettes d’avertissement pour mieux cibler les préoccupations des jeunes adultes; au moment de cette modification, on accorderait une place importante aux différences entre la perception des hommes et des femmes. Les étiquettes d’avertissement peuvent constituer un complément à un programme global de lutte contre le tabagisme dans la mesure où elles présentent des renseignements sur la santé.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Health Canada. Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey (CTUMS) summary results for 2003. Ottawa, ON: Author. Available on-line at: https://doi.org/www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/tobacco/research/ctums/2003 (Accessed August 2004).

  2. Health Canada. The National Strategy: Moving Forward. The 2002 Progress Report on Tobacco Control. Health Canada. 2002;1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  3. CDC. Cigarette Smoking Among Adults—United States, 2002. MMWR 2004;53(20):427–31.

    Google Scholar 

  4. CDC Cigarette Smoking Among Adults—United States, 2001. MMWR 2003;52(40):953–56.

    Google Scholar 

  5. CDC Cigarette Smoking Among Adults—United States, 2000. MMWR 2002;51(29):642–45.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Meier KJ, Licari, MJ. The effect of cigarette taxes on cigarette consumption, 1955 through 1994. Am J Public Health 1997;87(7):1126–30.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Scollo M, Sweanor D. Cigarette taxes. Tob Control 2000;8(1):110–11.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Sweanor D. Killing taxes and Canadians. Can J Public Health 1994;85(2):78–79.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Laugesen M, Scollo M, Sweanor D, Shiffman S, Gitchell J, Barnsley K, et al. World’s best practice in tobacco control. Tob Control 2000;9(2):228–36.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. USDHHS. Reducing Tobacco Use: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. 2000;1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Liang L, Chaloupka F, Nichter M, Clayton R. Prices, Policies and youth smoking, May 2001. Addiction 2003;98(Suppl 1):105–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Crane FG, MacLean, VA. A consumer evaluation of health warning labels on cigarette packages in Canada. Health Market Q 1996;13(3):47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Health Canada. The Tobacco Act: History of Labelling. Health Canada, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Koval JJ, Pederson, LL. Stress-coping and other psychosocial risk factors: A model for smoking in grade 6 students. Addict Behav 1999;24(2):207–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Pederson LL, Koval JJ, O’Connor K. Are psychosocial factors related to smoking in grade-6 students? Addict Behav 1997;22(2):169–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Pederson LL, McGrady GA, Koval JJ, Mills CA, Carvajal, SC. The role of stress, depression and other psychosocial factors in initiation to smoking: A comparison of models for a cohort of Grade 6 students who begin smoking by Grade 8 and by Grade 11. In: Columbus F (Ed.)? Advances in Psychology Research: Volume IV. Huntington, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2001;175–98.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Beltramini, RF. Perceived believability of warning label information presented in cigarette advertising. J Advertising 1988;17(2):26–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Crawford MA, Balch GI, Mermelstein R. Responses to tobacco control policies among youth. Tob Control 2002;11:14–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Tandemar Research Inc. Cigarette Packaging Study: The Evaluation of New Health Warning Messages. Health Canada. 1996;TR#663022:1–80.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Fischer PM, Richards Jr JW, Berman EJ, Krugman, DM. Recall and eye tracking study of adolescents viewing tobacco advertisements. JAMA 1989;261(1):84–89.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Mahood G. Warnings that tell the truth: Breaking new ground in Canada. Tob Control 1999;8(4):356–61.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Malouff J, Gabrilowitz D, Schutte N. Readability of health warnings on alcohol and tobacco products. Am J Public Health 1992;82(3):464.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Environics Research Group Limited. Health Canada — Office for Tobacco Control Focus Group Report Regarding Messages on Cigarette Package Sides and Flip-Tops. Health Canada. 1999;PN 4385.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Environics Research Group Limited. Health Warning Messages on the Flip/Side and Inserts of Cigarette Packaging-A survey of smokers. Health Canada. 2000;4617:1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Aftab M, Kolben D, Lurie P. International cigarette labeling practices. Tob Control 1999;8(4):368–72.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Borland R, Hill D. Initial impact of the new Australian tobacco health warnings on knowledge and beliefs. Tob Control 1997;6(4):317–25.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Government of Canada. Tobacco Products Information Regulations-Tobacco Act. Government of Canada. 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Environics Research Group Limited. Canadian Adult and Youth Opinions of the Sizing of Health Warning Messages. Health Canada. 1999; PN4501.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Liefeld, JP. The relative importance of the size, content & pictures on cigarette package warning messages. Health Canada — Office for Tobacco Control [On-line]. 1999. Available on-line at: https://doi.org/www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/tobacco/pdf/liefeldeng. pdf (Accessed May 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hammond D, Fong GT, McDonald PW, Cameron R, Brown, KS. Impact of the graphic Canadian warning labels on adult smoking behaviour. Tob Control 2003;12(4):391–95.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. O’Hegarty M, Yenokyan G, Pederson LL, Wortley P. Young adults perceptions of warning labels. 2005, unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Sepe E, Ling PM, Glantz, SA. Smooth moves: Bar and nightclub tobacco promotions that target young adults. Am J Public Health 2002;92(3):414–19.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John J. Koval PhD.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Koval, J.J., Aubut, JA.L., Pederson, L.L. et al. The Potential Effectiveness of Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages. Can J Public Health 96, 353–356 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03404031

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03404031

MeSH terms

Navigation