Abstract
The present paper examines the historical evolution of health impact assessments as part of the environmental assessment process. The development of a coherent public health framework must be based on the model of determinants of health, integrating toxic and infectious risks and social impacts of projects. The integration of common concepts, processes and methodologies from the area of public health and social impact assessment challenges the quantitative model approach to risk assessment. The expert-driven risk assessment is transformed into a social learning process where local knowledge and scientific input foster a dialogue among stakeholders. The issue-oriented, iterative and participative assessment process may be applied to the health impact assessment of public policies. Sustainable development with its social objectives of empowerment, participation, equity, poverty alleviation, social cohesion, population stability and institutional development is an appropriate framework for conducting health impact assessments.
Abrégé
Dans cet article, on examine l’évolution des études d’impact sur la santé dans le cadre des procédures d’évaluations environnementales. Le développement d’un cadre cohérent de santé publique doit reposer sur le modèle des déterminants de la santé et intégrer les risques sociaux et infectieux ainsi que les incidences sociales des projets. L’intégration de concepts, de procédés et de méthodologies couramment utilisés en matière de santé publique et d’évaluation des incidences sociales remet en cause le modèle quantitatif pour évaluer les risques. L’évaluation des risques faite par des experts se transforme en un processus d’apprentissage social selon lequel les connaissances locales et l’apport scientifique favorisent le dialogue entre les individus concernés. Le processus d’évaluation itératif et participatif, axé sur les enjeux, peut être appliqué aux études d’impact sur la santé concernant les politiques publiques. Le développement durable, avec ses objectifs d’autonomisation, de participation, d’équité, de réduction de la pauvreté, de cohésion sociale, de stabilité démographique et de développement institutionnel est un cadre qui convient à la réalisation d’études d’impact sur la santé.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Frank JW. The determinants of health: A new synthesis. Current Issues in Public Health 1995;1:233–40.
McKinlay JB. The promotion of health through planned sociopolitical change: Challenges for research and policy. Soc Sci Med 1993;36(2):109–17.
Draper R. Putting the pieces together [editorial]. Can J Public Health 1995;86(6):365–67.
Frankish CJ, Green LW, Ratner PA, et al. Health Impact Assessment as a Tool for Population Health Promotion and Public Policy - A report submitted to the Health Promotion Division of Health Canada, 1996.
Scott-Samuel A. Health impact assessment—theory into practice [editorial]. J Epidemiol Community Health 1998;52(11):704–5.
National Environmental Policy Act, 42 U.S.C. § 4321. (1970), available at https://doi.org/ceq.eh.doe.gov/nepa/regs/nepa/nepaeqia.htm.
WHO. Health and Safety Component of Environmental Impact Assessment - Report on a WHO Meeting, Copenhagen, 24–28 February 1986. Environmental Health Series. Vol. 15. 1987, Copenhagen: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe.
Turnbull RGH (Ed.), Environmental and Health Impact Assessment of Development Projects - A Handbook for Practitioners. New York: Elsevier Applied Science (published on behalf of the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe and the Centre for Environmental Management and Planning), 1992.
Go FC. Environmental Impact Assessment - An Analysis of the Methodological and Substantive Issues Affecting Human Health Considerations. Report number 41. London: Monitoring and Assessment Research Center, King’s College, University of London, 1988.
Health Canada. A Canadian Health Impact Assessment Guide Volume 1: The Beginner’s Guide. Ottawa: Santé Canada, 1997. Available at https://doi.org/www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ehp/ehd/catalogue/oeha.htm#technical.80.
Health Canada. Environmental Assessment and Human Health: Perspectives, Approaches and Future Directions - A Background Report for the International Study of the Effectiveness of Environmental Assessment. Ottawa: Santé Canada, 1997. Available at https://doi.org/www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ehp/ ehd/catalogue/oeha.htm#technical. 80.
Comité de santé environnementale du Québec. Cahier 3: Introduction à l’évaluation des impacts sociaux, In: Évaluation des impacts des grands projets sur la santé - Cahiers d’introduction à l’évaluation des impacts sur la santé. Québec: Comité de santé environnementale du Québec, 1993.
Finsterbusch KP. In praise of SIA. A personal review of the field of social impact assessment: Feasibility, justification, history, methods, and issues, In: Gagnon C (Ed.), Évaluation des impacts sociaux - Vers un développement viable? Chicoutimi, Québec: Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1995;13–40.
Daniels SE, Walker GB. Collaborative learning: Improving public deliberation in eco-systembased management. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 1996;16:71–102.
Rickson RE, Western JS, Burdge RJ. Social impact assessment: Knowledge and development. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 1990;10:1–10.
Webler T, Kastenholz H, Renn O. Public participation in impact assessment: A social learning perspective. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 1995;15:443–63.
Gagnon C, Hirsch P, Howitt R. Can SIA empower communities? Environmental Impact Assessment Review 1993;13:229–53.
Rissel C. Empowerment: The holy grail of health promotion. Health Prom Int 1994;9(1):39–47.
Sadler B. International Study of the Effectiveness of Environmental Assessment - Environmental Assessment in a Changing World: Evaluating Practice to Improve Performance - Final Report (executive summary). Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, 1996. Available at https://doi.org/www.ceaa.gc.ca/english/othersrc/execsum. htm.
World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Goodland R, Daly H. Environmental sustainability, In: Vanclay F, Bronstein DA (Eds.), Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1995;303–22.
Lee B. “Product” versus “Process”: Developing perspectives on SIA. Environments 1984;16(1):21–29.
Gagnon C. La recomposition des territoires - Développement local viable: récits et pratiques d’acteurs sociaux dans une région québecoise. Collection “Logiques Sociales”. Paris: Éditions L’Harmattan, 1994.
Health Canada. Sustaining Our Health - Health Canada’s Sustainable Development Strategy. Ottawa: Health Canada, 1997. Available at https://doi.org/www.hc-sc.gc.ca/susdevdur/healthe.htm.
Goodland R. Environmental sustainability and the power sector. Impact Assessment 1994;12:275–304.
Caldwell LK. Science and the National Environmental Policy Act - Redirecting Policy through Procedural Reform. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 1982.
Taylor CN, Bryan CH, Goodrich CG. Social Assessment: Theory, Process and Techniques. Christchurch, New Zealand: Taylor Baines & Associates, 1995;228.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The section on public health in environmental assessments and the section on prediction, social learning and sustainable development are based on unpublished work which the author has done as part of a contract from the Office for Environmental Health Assessments, Health Canada to the Comité de santé environnementale du Québec.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Banken, R. From Concept to Practice: Including the Social Determinants of Health in Environmental Assessments. Can J Public Health 90 (Suppl 1), S27–S30 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03403575
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03403575