Skip to main content
Log in

Relational Learning in Stimulus Sequences

  • Article
  • Published:
The Psychological Record Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper proposes a new analysis of generative performances derived from contingencies that establish the production of stimulus sequences. Neither simple chaining nor within-sequence conditional stimulus control can account for the production of novel, untrained sequences that have been the outcomes of a number of experiments. The alternative analysis we propose focuses on relations among stimuli within sequences and across sequences trained independently of one another, and behavioral tests that evaluate whether such relations possess the properties of an order relation (i.e., asymmetry, transitivity, and connectedness). Our approach is an extension of Sidman’s analysis of relations among stimuli in equivalence classes. It provides a framework for examining how equivalence and order relations interact to yield extensive repertoires of novel behaviors that occur under appropriate circumstances. The concepts and procedures we present outline a behavior analytic approach to studying aspects of phenomena like syntactic development and transitive inference.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • ADAMS, B. J., FIELDS, L., & VERHAVE, T. (1993: this issue). Formation of generalized equivalence classes. The Psychological Record, 43, 553–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • BAROODY, A. J. (1988). Number-comparison learning by children classified as mentally retarded. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 92, 461–471.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BRAINERD, C. J. (1973). The origins of number concepts. Scientific American, 228, 101–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BRAINERD, C. J. (1974). Inducing ordinal and cardinal representations of the first five natural numbers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 18, 520–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BRESLOW, L. (1981). Réévaluation of the literature on the development of transitive inferences. Psychological Bulletin, 89, 325–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BRYANT, P. E., & TRABASSO, T. (1971). Transitive inference and memory in young children. Nature, 232, 456–458.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BUSH, K. M., SIDMAN, M., & DE ROSE, T. (1989). Contextual control of emergent equivalence relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 29–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • CARTER, D. E., & WERNER, T. J. (1978). Complex learning and information processing by pigeons: A critical analysis. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 29, 565–601.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • CHALMERS, M., & MCGONIGLE, B. (1984). Are children any more logical than monkeys on the five-term series problem? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 355–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CUMMING, W. W., & BERRYMAN, R. (1965). The complex discriminated operant: Studies of matching-to-sample and related problems. In D. I. Mostofsky (Ed.), Stimulus generalization (pp. 284–330). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’AMATO, M. R., & COLOMBO, M. (1988). Representation of serial order in monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 14, 131–139.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DE ROSE, J. C., MCILVANE, W. J., DUBE, W. V., & STODDARD, L. T. (1988). Stimulus class formation and functional equivalence in moderately retarded individuals conditional discrimination’. Behavioural Processes, 17, 167–175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DUBE, W. V. (1991). Computer software for stimulus control research with Macintosh computers. Experimental Analysis of Human Behavior Bulletin, 9, 28–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • DUBE, W. V., & MCILVANE, W. J. (1989). Adapting a microcomputer for behavioral evaluation of mentally retarded individuals. In J. A. Mulick & R. F. Antonak (Eds.), Transitions in mental retardation: Vol. 4. Applications and implications of technology (pp. 104–127). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • GILLAN, D. J. (1981). Reasoning in the chimpanzee: II. Transitive inference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 7, 150–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • GREEN, G., SIGURDARDOTTIR, Z. G., & SAUNDERS, R. R. (1991). The role of instructions in the transfer of ordinal functions through equivalence classes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 55, 287–304.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • HALFORD, G. S. (1984). Can young children integrate premises in transitivity and serial order tasks? Cognitive Psychology, 16, 65–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JENKINS, J. J., & PALERMO, D. S. (1964). Mediation processes and the acquisition of linguistic structure. In U. Bellugi & R. W. Brown (Eds.), The acquisition of language. Monograph of the Society for Research in Child Development, 29, 141–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KALLIO, K. D. (1982). Developmental change on a five-term transitive inference. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 33, 142–164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LAZAR, R. (1977). Extending sequence-class membership with matching to sample. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21, 381–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LAZAR, R., & KOTLARCHYK, B. J. (1986). Second-order control of sequence-class equivalences in children. Behavioural Processes, 13, 205–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LUTKUS, A., & TRABASSO, T. (1974). Transitive inferences by preoperational, retarded adolescents. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 78, 599–606.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LYNCH, D. C., & GREEN, G. (1991). Development and crossmodal transfer of contextual control of emergent stimulus relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 56, 139–154.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • MACKAY, H. A., SPENCER, T. J., GREEN, G., & SIGURDARDOTTIR, Z. G. (1989, May). Stimulus sequences established by exclusion and emergent stimulus classes. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Milwaukee.

    Google Scholar 

  • MACKAY, H. A., STODDARD, L. T., & SPENCER, T. J. (1989). Symbols and meaning classes: Multiple sequence production and the emergence of ordinal stimulus classes. Experimental Analysis of Human Behavior Bulletin, 7, 16–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCGONIGLE, B. O. (1987). Non-verbal thinking by animals? Nature, 325, 110–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MCGONIGLE, B. O., & CHALMERS, M. (1977). Are monkeys logical? Nature, 267, 694–696.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MCILVANE, W. J., DUBE, W. V., GREEN, G., & SERNA, R. W. (1993). Programming conceptual and communication skill development: A methodological stimulus class analysis. In A. P. Kaiser & D. B. Gray (Eds.), Enhancing children’s communication (pp. 243–285). Baltimore: Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • RILEY, C. A., & TRABASSO, T. (1974). Comparatives, logical structures, and encoding in a transitive inference task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 17, 187–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SAUNDERS, R. R., & GREEN, G. (1992). The nonequivalence of behavioral and mathematical equivalence. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 57, 227–241.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • SIDMAN, M. (1971). Reading and auditory-visual equivalences. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 14, 5–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SIDMAN, M. (1986). Functional analysis of emergent verbal classes. In T. Thompson & M. D. Zeiler (Eds.), Analysis and integration of behavioral units (pp. 213–245). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • SIDMAN, M., & CRESSON, O. (1973). Reading and crossmodal transfer of stimulus equivalences in severe mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 77, 515–523.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SIDMAN, M., CRESSON, O., Jr., & WILLSON-MORRIS, M. (1974). Acquisition of matching to sample via mediated transfer. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 22, 261–273.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • SIDMAN, M., RAUZIN, R., LAZAR, R., CUNNINGHAM, S., TAILBY, W., & CARRIGAN, P. (1982). A search for symmetry in the conditional discriminations of rhesus monkeys, baboons, and children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 37, 23–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • SIDMAN, M., & TAILBY, W. (1982). Conditional discrimination vs. matching-to-sample: An expansion of the testing paradigm. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 37, 5–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • SIDMAN, M., WYNNE, C. K., MAGUIRE, R. W., & BARNES, T. (1989). Functional classes and equivalence relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 52, 261–274.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • SIGURDARDOTTIR, Z. G., GREEN, G., & SAUNDERS, R. R. (1990). Equivalence classes generated by sequence training. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 47–63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • SKINNER, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • SPRADLIN, J. E., COTTER, V. W., & BAXLEY, N. (1973). Establishing a conditional discrimination without direct training: A study of transfer with retarded adolescents. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 77, 556–566.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • STEVENS, S. S. (1951). Mathematics, measurement, and psychophysics. In S. S. Stevens (Ed.), Handbook of experimental psychology (pp. 1–49). New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • STRAUB, R. O., SEIDENBERG, M. S., BEVER, T. G., & TERRACE, H. S. (1979). Serial learning in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 32, 137–148.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • STRAUB, R. O., & TERRACE, H. S. (1981). Generalization of serial learning in the pigeon. Animal Learning and Behavior, 9, 454–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • STROMER, R., & MACKAY, H. A. (1990). A note of the study of transitive relations in stimulus sequences. Experimental Analysis of Human Behavior Bulletin, 8, 2–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • STROMER, R., & MACKAY, H. A. (1992). Conditional stimulus control of childrens sequence production’. Psychological Reports, 70, 903–912.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • STROMER, R., & MACKAY, H. A. (1993). Human sequential behavior: Relations among stimuli, class formation, and derived sequences. The Psychological Record, 43, 107–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • STROMER, R., MACKAY, H. A., COHEN, M., & STODDARD, L. T. (in press). Sequence learning in individuals with behavioral limitations. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research.

  • SWARTZ, K. B., CHEN, S., & TERRACE, H. S. (1991). Serial learning by rhesus monkeys: I. Acquisition and retention of multiple four-item lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 17, 396–410.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • TERRACE, H. S. (1986). A nonverbal organism’s knowledge of ordinal position in a serial learning task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 12, 203–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • THAYER, E. S., & COLLYER, C. E. (1978). The development of transitive inference: A review of recent approaches. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 1327–1343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WULFERT, E., & HAYES, S. C. (1988). Transfer of a conditional ordering response through conditional equivalence classes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 125–144.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • VON FERSEN, L., WYNNE, C. D. L., DELIUS, J. D., & STADDON, J. E. R. (1991). Transitive inference formation in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 17, 334–341.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Preparation of this manuscript was supported by NICHD Grants HD25995 and HD26200, The Department of Mental Retardation of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (Contract #100220023SC), and the New England Center for Autism.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Green, G., Stromer, R. & Mackay, H.A. Relational Learning in Stimulus Sequences. Psychol Rec 43, 599–615 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395902

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395902

Navigation