Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pigeons and Children: What Are the Differences?

  • Article
  • Published:
The Psychological Record Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • ALLEN, K. E., HENKE, L. B., HARRIS, F. R., BAER, D. M., & REYNOLDS, N. J. (1967). Control of hyperactivity by social reinforcement of attending behavior. Journal of Educational Psychology, 58, 231–237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • AZRIN, N. H., & LINDSLEY, O. R. (1956). The reinforcement of cooperation between children. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 100–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BAER, D. M. (1960). Escape and avoidance response of preschool children to two schedules of reinforcement withdrawal. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 3, 155–159.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • BAER, D. M. (1962). Laboratory control of thumbsucking by withdrawal of representation of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5, 525–528.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • BAER, D. M., GUESS, D., & SHERMAN, J. A. (1972). Adventures in simplistic grammar. In R. L. Schiefelbusch (Ed.) Language of the mentally retarded. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • BAER, D. M., & SHERMAN, J. A. (1964). Reinforcement control of generalized imitation in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1, 37–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BENTALL, R. P., LOWE, C. F., & BEASTY, A. (1985). The role of verbal behavior in human learning Ii: Developmental differences. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 43, 165–181.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • BIJOU, S. W. (1955). A systematic approach to an experimental analysis of young children. Child Development, 26, 161–168.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BIJOU, S. W. (1957a). Methodology for an experimental analysis of child behavior. Psychological Reports, 3, 243–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BIJOU, S. W. (1957b). Patterns of reinforcement and resistance to extinction in young children. Child Development, 28, 47–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BIJOU, S. W. (1958a). A child study laboratory on wheels. Child Development, 29, 425–427.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BIJOU, S. W. (1958b). Operant extinction after fixed-interval schedules with young children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1, 25–29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • BIJOU, S. W. (1959). Learning in children. Child Development Monograph 24(5), Serial #74, 25–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BIJOU, S. W. (1968). Studies in the experimental development of left-right concepts in retarded children using fading techniques. In N. R. Ellis (Ed.) International review of research in mental retardation (Vol. 3). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • BIJOU, S. W. (1984). Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of development: The in-terbehavioral perspective. The Psychological Record, 34, 525–535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BIJOU, S. W., & BAER, D. M. (1967). Child Development: Readings in Experimental Analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • BIJOU, S. W., BIRNBRAUER, J. S., KIDDER, J. D., & TAGUE, C. (1966). Programmed instruction as an approach to the teaching of reading, writing, and arithmetic to retarded children. The Psychological Record, 16, 505–522.

    Google Scholar 

  • BIJOU, S. W., & PETERSON, R. F. (1971). Psychological assessment in children: A functional analysis. In I. P. McReynolds (Ed.) Advances in psychological assessment (Vol. 2. pp. 63–78). Palo Alto, CA: Science & Behavior Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • BIJOU, S. W., & REDD, W. H. (1975). Child behavior therapy. In S. Arieti (Ed.), Handbook of American psychiatry (pp. 579–585). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • BIJOU, S. W., & STURGES, P. T. (1959). Positive reinforcers for experimental studies with children—consumables and manipulates. Child Development, 30, 151–170.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BIJOU, S. W., UMBREIT, J., GHEZZI, P. M., & CHAO, C. (1986). Psychological linguistics: A natural science approach to the study of language interactions. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 4, 23–29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • BUSKIST, W. F., MORGAN, D., & BARRY, A. (1983). Interspecies generality and human behavior: An addendum to Baron & Perone. The Behavior Analyst, 6, 107–108.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • DEITZ, S. M. (1978). Current status of applied behavior analysis: Science versus technology. American Psychologist, 33, 805–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EPSTEIN, R., LANZA, R. P., & SKINNER, B. F. (1980). Symbolic communication between two pigeons. Science, 207, 543–545.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • EPSTEIN, R., LANZA, R. P., & SKINNER, B. F. (1981). “Self-awareness” in the pigeon. Science, 212, 695–696.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • GEWIRTZ, J. L., & BAER, D. M. (1958). Deprivation and satiation of social reinforcers as drive conditions. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57, 165–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • HAKE, D. F. (1982). The basic-applied continuum and the possible evolution of human operant social & verbal research. The Behavior Analyst, 5, 21–28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • HARRIS, F. R., WOLF, M. M., & BAER, D. M. (1964). Effects of adult social reinforcement on child behavior. Young Children, 20, 13–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • HART, B. M., REYNOLDS, N. J., BAER, D. M., BRAWLEY, E. R., & HARRIS, F. R. (1968). Effect of contingent and non-contingent social reinforcement on cooperative play of a preschool child. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis., 1, 73–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • HARZEM, P. C., LOWE, C. F., & BAGSHAW, M. (1978). Verbal control in human operant behavior. The Psychological Record, 28, 405–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • HARZEM, P., & WILLIAMS, R. A. (1983). On searching for a science of human behavior. The Psychological Record, 133, 565–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • HAWKINS, R. P., PETERSON, R. F., SCHWEID, E., & BIJOU, S. W. (1966). Behavior therapy in the home: Amelioration of problem parent-child relations with the parent in a therapeutic role. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 4, 99–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • HIGGINS, S. T., & MORRIS, E. K. (1984). Generality of free-operant avoidance conditioning to human behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 247–272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • JOHNSON, M. K., SLOANE, H. N., JR., & BIJOU, S. W. (1966). A note on the measurement of drooling in free-ranging young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 4, 292–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KANTOR, J. R. (1924). Principles of psychology No. 1). Bloomington, IN: The Principia Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • KANTOR, J. R. (1970). An analysis of the experimental analysis of behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13, 101–108.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • LEFCOURT, H. M. (1973). The function of the illusions of control and freedom. American Psychologist, 28, 417–425.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LOWE, C. F. (1979). Determinants of human operant behavior. In M. D. Zeiler & P. Harzern (Eds.) Reinforcement and the organization of behavior (pp. 159–192). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • LOWE, C. F., HARZEM, P., & BAGSHAW, M. (1978). Species differences in temporal control of behavior Ii. Human performance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 29, 351–361.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • MATTHEWS, B. A., SHIMOFF, E., CATANIA, A. C., & SAVGOLDEN, T. (1977). Uninstructed human responding: Sensitivity to ratio and interval contingencies. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 27, 453–467.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • MORRIS, E. K., JOHNSON, L. M., TODD, J. T., & HIGGINS, S. T. (1985). Selecting subject characteristics and finding subjects that exhibit them. In W. Buskist (Chair), Laboratory lore: Conducting research with human subjects. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Columbus, Oh.

    Google Scholar 

  • ORLANDO, R., & BIJOU, S. W. (1960). Single and multiple schedule of reinforcement in developmentally retarded children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 3, 339–348.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • REBER, A. S. (1976). Implicit learning of synthetic languages: The role of instructional set. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 88–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • RESSE, E. P., HOWARD, J. S., & ROSENBERGER, P. B. (1977). Behavioral procedures for assessing visual capacities in nonverbal subjects. In B. C. Etzel, J. M. Leblanc, & D. M. Baer (Eds.), New developments in behavioral research: Theory, method and application. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • RHEINGOLD, H. L., GEWIRTZ, J. L., & ROSS, H. W. (1959). Social conditioning of vocalization in the infant. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 68–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • SAILOR, W., GUESS, D., RUTHERFORD, G., & BAER, D. M. (1968). Control of tantrum behavior by operant techniques during experimental verbal training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 237–243.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • SAVAGE-RUMBAUGH, E. S., RUMBAUGH, D. M., & BOYSEN, S. (1978). Symbolic com-munciation between two chimpanzees. Science, 201, 641–644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SIDMAN, M., & STODDARD, L. T. (1966). Programming perception and learning for retarded children. In N. R. Ellis (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation (Vol. 2). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • SIDMAN, M., & STODDARD, L. T. (1967). The effectiveness of fading in programming a simultaneous form discrimination for retarded children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 10, 3–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • SKINNER, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • SKINNER, B. F. (1957). Verbal behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • SLOANE, H. N., JOHNSON, M. K., & BIJOU, S. W. (1967). Successive modification of aggressive behavior and aggressive fantasy play by management of contingencies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 217–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TERRACE, H. S. (1963). Discrimination learning with and without “errors” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 6, 1–27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • TOUCHETTE, P. E. (1969). Tilted lines as complex stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 211–214.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • WARREN A. B., & BROWN, R. H. (1943). Conditioned operant response phenomena in children. Journal of General Psychology, 28, 181–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WEINER, H. (1983). Some thoughts on discrepant human-animal performances under schedules of reinforcement. The Psychological Record, 33, 521–532.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Kansas, USA

    Barbara C. Etzel

Authors
  1. Barbara C. Etzel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Etzel, B.C. Pigeons and Children: What Are the Differences?. Psychol Rec 37, 17–27 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395868

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395868

Search

Navigation