Abstract
Variables related to responsive or spontaneous waving behaviors of male and female automobile drivers were investigated. Variables associated with waving included the sex of the respondents and their passengers, number of passengers, and vehicle and roadway types. Observed differences in the frequency of waving were tentatively interpreted as indicative of prevailing sex roles.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ADAMS, R. M., & KIRKEVOLD, B. (1978). Looking, smiling, laughing, and moving in restaurants: Sex and age differences. Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior, 3, 117–121.
ARGYLE, M., & COOK, M. (1976). Gaze and mutual gaze. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press.
BEEKMAN, S. J. (1975). Sex differences in nonverbal behavior. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, Illinois.
BIRDWHISTELL, R. L. (1970). Kinesthetics and context. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
DEAN, L. M., WILLIS, F. N., & HEWITT, J. (1975). Initial interaction distance among individuals equal and unequal in military rank. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 294–299.
EISENBERG, A. M., & SMITH, R. R., JR. (1971). Nonverbal communication. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
EKMAN, P., & FRIESEN, W. V. (1969). Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception. Psychiatry, 32(1), 88–106.
FREEDMAN, J. L., LEVY, A..S., BUCHANAN, R. W., & PRICE, J. (1972). Crowding and human aggressiveness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8, 528–548.
FRIEZE, I. H., & RAMSEY, S. J. (1976). Nonverbal maintenance of traditional sex roles. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 133–141.
HARPER, R. G., WIENS, A. N., & MATARAZZO, J. D. (1978). Nonverbal communication: The state of the art. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
HARTNETT, J. J., BAILEY, K. G., & GIBSON, F. W. JR. (1970). Personal spacc as influenced by sex and type of movement. The Journal of Psychology, 76, 139–144.
HENLEY, N. M. (1977). Body politics: Power, sex, and nonverbal communication. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
KNOWLES, E. S. (1973). Boundaries around group interaction: The cffect of group size and member status on boundary permeability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 327–331.
LOTT, D. F., & SOMMER, R. (1967). Seating arrangements and status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 90–95.
MAHL, G. F. (1968). Gestures and body movements in interviews. In J. M. Shlicn, H. F. Hunt, J. D. Matarazzo, & C. Savage (Eds.), Research in psychotherapy (Vol. 3). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
MEHRABIAN, A. (1972). Nonverbal communication. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
MORRIS, D., COLLETT, P., MARSH, P., & O’SHAUGHNESSY, M. (1979). Gestures. New York: Stein & Day.
OCTIGAN, M. W. (1977). Male and female dominance in communication. Dissertation Abstracts International, 37(10-A), 6143A. (University Microfilms No. 77–8737).
ROBINSON, C. L., LOCKARD J. S., & ADAMS, R. M. (1979). Who looks at a baby in public. Ethology and Sociobiology, 1, 87–91.
ROSS, M., LAYTON, B., ERICKSON, B., & SCHOPLER, J. (1973). Affect, facial regard and reactions to crowding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 69–76.
WHITE, M. J. (1975). Interpersonal distance as affected by room size, status, and sex. The Journal of Social Psychology, 95, 241–249.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Plume, K.H., Zelhart, P.F. & Markley, R.P. Nonverbal Communication Between Motor Vehicle Drivers: Waves in Kansas. Psychol Rec 35, 315–321 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395853
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395853