Skip to main content
Log in

The Function Acquisition Speed Test (FAST): A Behavior Analytic Implicit Test for Assessing Stimulus Relations

  • Article
  • Published:
The Psychological Record Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Subjects completed a baseline stimulus matching procedure designed to produce two symmetrical stimulus relations; A1–B1 and A2–B2. Using A1, B1, and two novel stimuli, subjects were then trained to produce a common key-press response for two stimuli and a second key-press response for two further stimuli across two blocks of response training. During one block, the reinforcement contingencies were consistent with baseline relations (i.e., A1 and B1 shared a response function), whereas during the other block they were not. Thirteen of 18 subjects who completed the procedure showed a response class acquisition rate differential across the two test blocks in the predicted direction. It is suggested that this procedure may serve as a behavior analytic alternative to popular implicit tests. It provides a nonrelative measure of stimulus association strength and may display superior procedural implicitness over other tests.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • BANSE, R., SEISE, J., & ZERBES, N. (2001). Implicit attitudes toward homosexuality: Reliability, validity, and controllability of the Iat. Experimental Psychology, 48, 1145–1160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BARNES-HOLMES, D., BARNES-HOLMES, Y., STEWART, I, & BOLES, S. (2010). A sketch of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (Irap) and the relational elaboration and coherence (ReC) model. The Psychological Record, 60, 527–542.

    Google Scholar 

  • BARNES-HOLMES, D., MURPHY, A., BARNES-HOLMES, Y, & STEWART, I (2010). The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (Irap): Exploring the impact of private versus public contexts and the response latency criterion on pro-white and anti-black stereotyping among white Irish individuals. The Psychological Record, 60, 57–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • BENTALL, R P., DICKINS, D. W., & FOX, S. R. A. (1993). Naming and equivalence: Response latencies for emergent relations. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46B, 187–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • BLANTON, H., & JACCARD, J. (2006). Arbitrary metrics in psychology. American Psychologist, 61, 27–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BLANTON, H., JACCARD, J., GONZALES, P, & CHRISTIE, C. (2006). Decoding the Implicit Association Test: Implications for criterion prediction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 192–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • COHEN J. D., MACWHINNEY B., FLATT M., & PROVOST J. (1993). Psyscope: A new graphic interactive environment for designing psychology experiments. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 25, 257–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DEGNER, J. (2009). On the (un)controllability of affective priming: Strategic manipulation is feasible but can possibly be prevented. Cognition & Emotion, 23, 327–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DE HOUWER, J. (2001). A structural and process analysis of the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 443–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DE HOUWER, J. (2003). The Extrinsic Affective Simon task. Experimental Psychology, 50, 77–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DE HOUWER, J. (2006). What are implicit measures and why are we using them. In R. W. Wiers & A. W. Stacy (eds.), The handbook of implicit cognition and addiction (pp. 11–28). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • DE HOUWER, J., BECKERS, T., & MOORS, A. (2007). Novel attitudes can be faked on the implicit association test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 972–978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DIXON, M.R., REHFELDT, R. A., ZLOMKE, K. R., & ROBINSON, A. (2006). Exploring the development and dismantling of equivalence classes involving terrorist stimuli. The Psychological Record, 56, 83–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAZIO, R. H., SANBONMATSU, D. M., POWELL, M. C., & KARDES, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229–238.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • FIEDLER, K., & BLUEMKE, M. (2005). Faking the Iat: Aided and unaided response control on the implicit association tests. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27, 307–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FIEDLER, K., MESSNER, C., & BLUEMKE, M. (2006). unresolved problems with the “I,” the “A” and the “T”: logical and psychometric critique of the Implicit Association Test (Iat). European Review of Social Psychology, 17, 74–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GAVIN, A., ROCHE, B., & RUIZ, M. R. (2008). Competing contingencies over derived relational responding: A behavioral model of the implicit association test. The Psychological Record, 58, 427–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • GAVIN, A., ROCHE, B., RUIZ, M. R., HOGAN, M., & O’REILLY. (2012). A behavior-analytically modifed implicit association test for measuring the sexual categorization of children. The Psychological Record, 62, 55–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • GOVAN, C. L., & WILLIAMS, K. D. (2004). Changing the affective valence of the stimulus items infuences the Iat by redefning the category labels. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 357–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GREENWALD, A. G., MCGHEE, D. E., & SCHWARTZ, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • GREENWALD, A. G., NOSEK, B. A., & BANAJI, M. R. (2003). understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • GREENWALD, A. G., NOSEK, B. A., BANAJI, M. R., & KLAUER, K. C. (2005). Validity of the salience asymmetry interpretation of the Iat: Comment on Rothermund and Wentura (2004). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 420–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GREENWALD, A. G., POEHLMAN, T A., UHLMANN, E, & BANAJI, M. R. (2009). understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 17–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • HALL, G., MITCHELL, C., GRAHAM, S., & LAVIS, Y (2003). Acquired equivalence and distinctiveness in human discrimination learning: evidence for associative mediation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 266–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • HOLTH, P, & ARNTZEN, E (1998). Stimulus familiarity and the delayed emergence of stimulus equivalence or consistent nonequivalence. The Psychological Record, 48, 81–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • HUGHES, S., BARNES-HOLMES, D., & DE HOUWER, J. (2011). The dominance of associative theorising in implicit attitude research: Propositional and behavioral alternatives. The Psychological Record, 61, 465–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • JOHNSON, K. R., & LAYNG, T V. J. (1992). Breaking the structuralist barrier: literacy and numeracy with fuency. American Psychologist, 47, 1475–1490.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • KARPINSKI, A., & HILTON, J. L. (2001). Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 774–778.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • KIM, D. (2003). Voluntary controllability of the Implicit Association Test (Iat). Social Psychology Quarterly, 66, 83–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KLAUER, K. C., & MIERKE, J. (2005). Task-set inertia, attitude accessibility, and compatibility-order effects: New evidence for a task-set switching account of the Implicit Association Test effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 20 8–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KLAUER, K. C., VOSS, A., SCHMITZ, F., & TEIGE-MOCIGEMBA, S. (2007). Process components of the Implicit Association Test: A diffusion-model analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 353–368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • KOHLENBERG, B. K., HAYES, S. C., & HAYES, L. J. (1991). The transfer of contextual control over equivalence classes through equivalence classes: A possible model of social stereotyping. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 56, 505–518.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • LESLIE, J., TIERNEY, K. J., ROBINSON, C. P., KEENAN, M., WATT, A., & BARNES, D. (1993). Differences between clinically anxious and nonanxious subjects in a stimulus equivalence training task involving threat words. The Psychological Record, 43, 153–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCGLINCHEY, A., KEENAN, M., & DILLENBURGER, K. (2000). Outline for the development of a screening procedure for children who have been sexually abused. Research on Social Work Practice, 10, 721–747.

    Google Scholar 

  • MERWIN, R M., & WILSON, K. G. (2005). Preliminary fndings on the effects of self-referring and evaluative stimuli on stimulus equivalence class formation. The Psychological Record, 55, 561–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MITCHELL, C. J., DE HOUWER, J., & LOVIBOND, P F. (2009). The propositional nature of humanassociative learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32, 183–198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MOXON, P D., KEENAN, M., & HINE, L. (1993). Gender-role stereotyping and stimulus equivalence. The Psychological Record, 43, 381–393.

    Google Scholar 

  • NEVIN, J. A. (1974). Response strength in multiple schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21, 389–408.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • NEVIN, J. A., & GRACE, R C. (2000). Behavioral momentum and the law of effect. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 73–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NOSEK, B. A., & BANAJI, M. R. (2001). The go/no-go association task. Social Cognition, 19, 625–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’HORA, D., ROCHE, B., BARNES-HOLMES, D., & SMEETS, P (2002). Response latencies to multiple derived stimulus relations: Testing two predictions of relational frame theory. The Psychological Record, 52, 51–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OLSON, M. A., & FAZIO, R H. (2003). Relations between implicit measures of prejudice: What are we measuring? Psychological Science, 14, 636–639.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’TOOLE, C., & BARNES-HOLMES, D. (2007). A derived transfer of functions and the Implicit Association Test. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 88, 263–283.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • PAULHUS, D. l. (2002). Socially desirable responding: The evolution of a construct. In H. I. Braun, D. N. Jackson, & D. E. Wiley (eds.), The role of constructs in psychological and educational measurement (pp. 46–69). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • PILGRIM, C., & GALIZIO, M. (1996). Stimulus equivalence: A class of correlations or a correlation of classes? In T. R. Zentall & P. M. Smeets (Eds.), Stimulus class formation in humans and animals (pp. 173–195). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • RIDGEWAY, I, ROCHE, B., GAVIN, A., & RUIZ, M. R. (2010). establishing and eliminating Iat effects in the laboratory: Extending a behavioral model of the Implicit Association Test. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 11, 133–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ROCHE, B., & BARNES, D. (1996). Arbitrarily applicable relational responding and sexual categorization: A critical test of the derived difference relation. The Psychological Record, 46, 451–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ROCHE, B., BARNES, D., & SMEETS, P (1997). Incongruous stimulus pairing and conditional discrimination training: effects on relational responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 68, 143–160.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • ROCHE, B., LINHEHAN, C., WARD, T., DYMOND, S., & REHFELDT, R (2004). The unfolding of the relational operant: A real-time analysis using electroencephalography and reaction time measures. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 4, 587–603.

    Google Scholar 

  • ROCHE, B., RUIZ, M., O’RIORDAN, M., & HAND, K. (2005). A relational frame approach to the psychological assessment of sex offenders. In M. Taylor & E. Quayle (Eds.), Viewing child pornography on the Internet: Understanding the offence, managing the offender, and helping the victims (pp. 109–125). Dorset, England: Russell House.

    Google Scholar 

  • ROTHERMUND, K., & WENTURA, D. (2004). underlying processes in the Implicit Association Test (Iat): Dissociating salience from associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 139–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SIDMAN, M. (1960). Tactics of scientifc research. New York, NY: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • SPENCER T. J., & CHASE, P N. (1996). Speed analyses of stimulus equivalence. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 65, 643–659.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • STEELE, D., & HAYES, S. C. (1991). Stimulus equivalence and arbitrarily applicable relational responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 56, 519–555.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • STEFFENS, M. (2004). Is the Implicit Association Test immune to faking? Experimental Psychology, 51, 165–179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • STEFFENS, M. C., KIRSCHBAUM, M., & GLADOS, P (2008). Avoiding stimulus confounds in Implicit Association Tests by using the concepts as stimuli. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 217–243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • STEFFENS, M., & PLEWE, I (2001). Items’ cross-category associations as a confounding factor in the implicit association test. Zeitschrift Fuer Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 123–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • SMYTH, S., BARNES-HOLMES, D., & BARNES-HOLMES, Y (2008). Acquired equivalence in human discrimination learning: The role of propositional knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 34, 167–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • TYNDALL, I, ROCHE, B., & JAMES, J. E. (2004). The relationship between stimulus function and stimulus equivalence: A systematic investigation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 81, 257–266.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • TYNDALL, I., ROCHE, B., & JAMES, J. E. (2009). The interfering effect of emotional stimulus functions on stimulus equivalence class formation: Implications for the understanding and treatment of anxiety. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 10, 121–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • VERSCHUERE, B., PRATI, V., & DE HOUWER, J. (2009). Cheating the lie detector: Faking in the autobiographical Implicit Association Test. Psychological Science, 20, 410–413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WATT, A., KEENAN, M., BARNES, D., & CAIRNS, E. (1991). Social categorization and stimulus equivalence. The Psychological Record, 41, 33–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WILLIAMS, J. M., MATHEWS, A., & MACLEOD, C. (1996). The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 3–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WILLIAMS, J. M., WATTS, F. N., MACLEOD, C., & MATHEWS, A. (1988). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. Chichester, England: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • WULFERT, E., & HAYES, S. C. (1988). Transfer of a conditional ordering response through conditional equivalence classes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of behavior, 50, 125–144.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bryan Roche Dr..

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

O’Reilly, A., Roche, B., Ruiz, M. et al. The Function Acquisition Speed Test (FAST): A Behavior Analytic Implicit Test for Assessing Stimulus Relations. Psychol Rec 62, 507–528 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395817

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395817

Key words

Navigation