Abstract
This study explored similarities and differences between 130 first-year college students classified as first or second generation. Multiple regression analyses and between-group t tests were performed to analyze the data. The study found that firstgeneration students reported significantly less parental income and social adjustment. On-campus friend support predicted overall adjustment better for second-generation students whereas intellectualism predicted better for first-generation students. Selfesteem and on-campus support consistently predicted adjustment for the entire sample. Implications are suggested.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ADACHI, F. F. (1979). Analysis of the first generation college student population: A new concept in higher education. University of Wyoming Division of Student Educational Opportunity, Laramie: Unpublished.
ASTIN, A. (1985). Achieving academic excellence: A critical assessment of priorities and practices in higher education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
BAKER, R. W., MCNEIL, O. V., & SIRYK, B. (1985). Expectation and reality in freshmen adjustment to college. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 94–103.
BAKER, R. W., & SIRYK, B. (1984). Measuring adjustment to college. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 179–189.
BAKER, R. W., & SIRYK, B. (1989). Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
BARTELS, K. (1995). Psychosocial predictors of adjustment to the first year of college: A comparison of first-generation and SGCSs. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia, 1995).
BILLSON, J. M., & BROOKS-TERRY, M. (1982). In search of the silken purse: Factors in attrition among FGCSs. College and University, 58, 57–75.
BLASCOVICH, J., & TOMAKA, J. (1991). Measures of self-esteem. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 115–160). New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
BROOKS-TERRY, M. (1988). Tracing the disadvantages of first-generation college students: An application of Sussman’s option sequence model. In S. K. Steinmetz (Ed.), Family support systems across the life span (pp. 121–134). New York: Plenum Press.
CUTRONA, C. E. (1982). Transition to college: Loneliness and the process of social adjustment. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, andtherapy (pp. 291–309). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
DAY, S. K. (1999). Psychological impact of attributional style and locus of control on college adjustment and academic success. (Doctoral dissertation, Northern Arizona University, 1999). Dissertation Abstracts International, 60 (3-A), 0646.
DEVLIN, A. S. (1996). Survival skills training during freshmen orientation: Its role in college adjustment. Journal of College Student Development, 37, 324–333.
DILLMAN, D. A. (1983). Mail and other self-administered questionnaires. In P. H. Rossi, J. D. Wright, & A. B. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of survey research (pp. 359–379). New York: Academic Press.
GERDES, H., & MALLINCKRODT, B. (1994). Emotional, social, and academic, adjustment of college students: A longitudinal study of retention. Journal of Counseling and Development, 72, 281–288.
HICKMAN, G. P., BARTHOLOMAE, S., & MCHENRY, P. C. (2000). Influence of parenting style on the adjustment and academic achievement of college freshmen. Journal of College Student Development, 41, 41–54.
HOLLAND, B. S., & COPENHAVER, M. D. (1988). Improved Bonferroni-type multiple testing procedures. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 145–149.
JAY, G. M., & DAUGELLI, A. R. (1991). Social support and adjustment to university life: A comparison of African-American and White freshmen. Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 95–108.
KENNY, M. E., & STRYKER, S. (1996). Social network characteristics and college adjustment among racially and ethnically diverse first-year students. Journal of College Student Development, 37, 649–658.
LYONS, J. S., PERROTTA, P., & HANCHER-KVAM, S. (1988). Perceived family support from family and friends: Measurement across disparate samples. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, (10), 42–47.
MCGREGOR, L. N., MAYLEBEN, M. A., BUZZANGA, V. L., DAVIS, S. E., & BECKER, A. H. (1991). Selected personality characteristics of first-generation college students. College Student Journal, 25(2) 231–234.
MACDERMOTT K. G., CONN, R A., & OWEN, J. W. (1987). The.influence of parental education level on college choice. Journal of College Admissions, 115, 3–10.
MOONEY, S. P., SHERMAN, M. F., & LO-PRESTO, C. T. (1991). Academic locus of control, self-esteem, and perceived distance from home as predictors of college adjustment. Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 445–448.
MORRIS, D. H. (1997). The role of transitions in loneliness and homesickness: The case of transition to college. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Memphis, 1997). Dissertation Abstracts International, 57 (10-A), 4262.
OROZCO, C. D. (1999). Factors contributing to the psychosocial adjustment of Mexican-American college students (Doctoral dissertation, Northern Arizona University, 1999). Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 59, 4359.
PASCARELLA, E. T., & TERENZINI, P. T. (1991). How college affects students: Findings and insights from twenty years of research. San Francisco CA: Jossey-Bass.
PROCIDANO, M. E., & HELLER, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology 11, 1–24.
RAMBO-CHRONIAK, K. M. (1999). Coping and adjustment in the freshmen year transition. (Doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, 1999). Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 59, 4378.
ROBBINS, S. B., LESE, K. P., & HERRICK, S. M. (1993). Interactions between goal instability and social support on college freshman adjustment. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71, 343–348.
ROSENBERG, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
ROSSI, P. H., WRIGHT, J. D., & ANDERSON, A. B. (Eds.) (1983). Handbook of survey research. New York: Academic Press.
RUSSELL, R. K., & PETRIE, T. A. (1992). Academic adjustment of college students: Assessment and counseling. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (2nd ed.) (pp. 485–511). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
SANDERS, R. T., Jr. (1998). Intellectual and psychosocial predictors of success in the college transition: A multi-ethnic study of freshmen students on a predominantly white campus (Doctoral dissertation, University of lilinois-Urbana, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 58 (10-B), 5655.
SCOTT, W. A. (1965). Values and organizations: A study of fraternities and sororities. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company.
SHAHANI, C., DIPBOYE, R. L., & PHILLIPS, A. P. (1990). Global self-esteem as a correlate of work-related attitudes: A question of dimensionality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 276–288.
SOUCY, N., & LAROSE, S. (2000). Attachment and control in family and mentoring contexts as determinants of adolescent adjustment to college. Journal of Family Psychology, 14 (1), 125–143.
STEVENS, J. (1992). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
TOMLINSON-CLARKE, S., & CLARKE, D. (1994). Predicting social adjustment and academic achievement for college women with and without precollege leadership. Journal of College Student Development, 35, 120–124.
WINTRE, M. G., & YAFFE, M. (2000). First-year students adjustment to university life as a function of relationships with parents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15, 9–37.
YORK-ANDERSON, D. C., & BOWMAN, S. L. (1991). Assessing the college knowledge of first-generation and second-generation college students. Journal of College Student Development, 32, 116–122.
ZWERLING, L. S., & LONDON, H. B. (Eds.) (1992). FGCSs: Confronting the cultural issues. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article was adapted from his doctoral dissertation at the University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology.
I thank Ms. Rachel L. Page for her clerical assistance and Dr. Rosemary Barrow for her editorial comments in the preparation of this manuscript.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hertel, J.B. College Student Generational Status: Similarities, Differences, and Factors in College Adjustment. Psychol Rec 52, 3–18 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395411
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395411