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References
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BIRYUKOV, D. A. (Ed.) 1957. Soveshchania po voprosu evoliutsionnoi fiziologoii nervnoi deyatel’nosti. Tezis i referativyi doklada. Leningrad: Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR, Moscow. Institut eksperimental’noi fiziologu i patologii nervnoi deiatel’nosti. (Proceedings of a conference on the evolutionary physiology of nervous activity.)
BLEICH, O. E. 1927. Thanatose und Hypnose bei Coleopteren experimentelle Untersuchungen. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere, 10 Abteilung A, 1–61.
BLINKOVA, T. P. 1957. K voprosu o razlichnykh usloviiakh obrazovaniia kataleptiches kogo tormozheniia. In D. Biryukov (Ed.), Soveshch. po vopr. evoliuts. fiziol., nervn. deiat. Tez. i refer, dokl. Leningrad: Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR. (Various conditions of the development of cataleptic inhibition. Cited in Hoskovec & Svorad, 1966, bibliography as on pp. 72-76, but content could not be verified.)
BLINKOVA, T. P. 1959. Katalepticheskoe tormozhenie u kur pri razlichnykh usloviiakh osveshcheniia. Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk Sssr. Institut Eksperimental’noi Meditsiny. Ezhegodnik. Leningrad, 79. (Cataleptic inhibition in chickens during various conditions of optic stimulation.)
BLYTH, E. 1837. On the counterfeiting of death, as a means to escape from danger, in the fox, and other animals. The Magazine of Natural History and Journal of Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Geology, and Meteorology, 1, 566–574. (Numerous anecdotal references to death feigning and Ti.)
BOAS, E. P., & LANDAUER, W. 1933. The effect of elevated metabolism on the hearts of frizzle fowl. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 185, 654–664.
BOHN, G. 1912. Die Neue Tierpsychologie. Leipzig: Verlag von Veit & Co. (See pp. 67–68 for discussion of death feigning, Sichtotstellen.)
BOICE, R., & RILLIAMS, R. C. 1971. Delay in onset of tonic immobility in Rana pipiens. Copeia, 4, 747–748.
BOISSIER, J. R., & SIMON, P. 1964. équivalences expérimentales du syndrome neurologique des neuroleptiques. L’encephale, 1, 109–122.
BONNET, V., & SABOUL, R. 1935. Contribution à l’étude de l’hypnose animale: Modifications nerveuses centrales et phénomènes de subordination dans l’hypnose chez la grenouille. Journal de Physiologie et de Pathologie Générale, 33, 887–906.
BORCHELT, P. L., & RATNER, S. C. 1973. Development of freezing and immobility, predator defenses, in the bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Behavioral Biology, 8 (1), 83–92.
BOREN, J. L., & GALLUP, G. G., Jr. in press. Amphetamine attenuation of tonic immobility in chickens. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society.
BRADT, G. M. 1949. Hognose snake–possum player extraordinary. Natural History, 58 (9), 415–417.
BRAESS, M. 1913. Der Vogel am Nest. Deutsche Vogelwelt, 38, 140–147. (Death feigning.)
BRAGG, A. N. 1945. Notes on the psychology of frogs and toads. Journal of General Psychology, 32, 27–37. (On p. 31: Ti in American frogs of the genus Rana; p. 32: Ti in Bufo; learned helplessness to the point of death in Bufo.)
BRAMWELL, J. M. 1903. Hypnotism: Its history, practice and theory. England: Grant Richards. Reprinted 1906: London: DeLaMare Press; reprinted 1930: Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott; reprinted 1956, 1959: New York: Institute for Research in Hypnosis Publication Society and the Julian Press. Pp. 156-157.
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BROADHURST, P. L. 1960. Abnormal animal behavior. In H. J. Eysenck (Ed.), Handbook of abnormal psychology. New York: Basic Books. Pp. 716–763. (Ti mentioned specifically on p. 726 as a topic not to be covered in the article: “Another omission is the neglect of the phenomena classed as ’animal hypnosis.’ While our understanding of human hypnosis is still obscure, and it retains a flavour of the abnormal, there are no good grounds for regarding the immobility which may in some circumstances be induced in animals as examples of hypnosis. as Weitzenhoffer (1953) notes, the characteristic of hypnosis in humans is heightened suggestibility to verbal commands and statements. Even allowing for the absence of speech in lower animals, nothing remotely comparable has been reported.”)
BRODIE, E. D., Jr. 1970. Western salamanders of the genus Plethodon: Systematic and geographic variations. Herpetologica, 26, 468–516.
BRODIE, E. D., Jr. 1973. Defensive mechanisms of plethodontid salamanders. Hiss: News-J., 1, 55.
BRODIE, E. D., Jr., & HOWARD, R. R. 1972. Behavioral mimicry in the defensive displays of the Urodele amphibians Nophthalmus viridescens and Pseudotriton ruber. Bioscience, 22 (11), 666–667.
BRODIE, E. D., Jr., JOHNSON, J. A., & DODD, C. K., Jr. 1974. Immobility as a defensive behavior in salamanders. Herpetologica, 30 (1), 79–85.
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BURTON, R. G. 1931. A book of man-eaters. London. (Tells the story of David Livingston and of Inverarity. Both explorers escaped death from lions by being absolutely still. Livingston says that the lion was shaking him about just as a terrier shakes a rat. The shock caused a sort of stupor or seminarcosis, during which he was able to register every detail of what was happening, but felt neither pain nor fear. Inverarity claimed to feel pain throughout the attack.)
BUSER, P., CHERTOK, L., FONTAINE, M., & VIALA, G. 1967. Mécanismes sensoriels et moteurs dans l’immobilisation hypnotique chez le lapin. In J. Lassner (Ed.), Hypnosis and psychosomatic medicine. New York: Springer-Verlag. Pp. 54–60.
BUSER, P., & VIALA, G. 1967. Analyse du mécanisme de Takinesie induite “hypnotique” chezle lapin. Actualités Neurophysiologie, 8, 179–196.
BUSER, P., & VIALA, G. 1969. A study on hypnosis in the rabbit. In L. Chertok (Ed.), Psychophysiological mechanisms of hypnosis. New York: Springer-Verlag. Pp. 28–39.
BUSER, P., VIALA, G., CHERTOK, L., & FONTAINE, M. 1967. Inhibition of the “escape reaction” in the rabbit: An analysis of the mechanism of hypnotic akinesia. In Contemporary problems of electrophysiology of the central nervous system. Moscow: Rusinov. Pp. 47–53.
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BUTLER, C. G., & FREE, J. B. 1952. The behavior of worker honeybees at the hive entrance. Behaviour, 4 (4), 262–292. (“Sometimes when submissive intruders were being severely mauled by numbers of excited guard bees their legs were suddenly pulled off the ground altogether. When this happened very quickly the intruders, equally suddenly, became entirely passive and allowed themselves to be carried about by the guard bees (Fig. 7). Those intruders which assumed this condition of thanatosis were only observed to move their antennae very slightly and slowly from time to time. When the guards eventually released intruders that had been in this entirely passive state the intruders cleaned themselves up and continued on their way towards the hive entrance apparently quite unhurt. Examples of thanatosis were only seen infrequently although, during the course of this work, a great many intruders were observed very closely while they were being examined or mauled.”)
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CARLI, G. 1967. Tono muscolare e attivita’ riflessa durante l’ipnosi del coniglio. Bollettino Societa Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale, Naples, 44, 69.
CARLI, G. 1969. Dissociation of electrocortical activity and somatic reflexes during rabbit hypnosis. Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 107, 219–234.
CARLI, G. 1969. Strutture nervose responsabili dell’ipnosi del coniglio. Bollettino Societa Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale, Naples, 45, 14.
CARLI, G. 1969. Subcortical origin of rabbit hypnosis. Brain Research, 14, 753–755.
CARLI, G. 1971. Sub-cortical mechanisms of rabbit hypnosis. Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 109(1), 15–26.
CARLI, G. 1972. Pressione arteriosa e frequenza cardiaca nel coniglio in ipnosi animale. Bollettino Societa Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale, Naples, 47, 199.
CARLI, G. 1974. Blood pressure and heart rate in the rabbit during animal hypnosis. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 37, 231–237.
CARLI, G. 1975. Neurophysiological and behavioral correlates of animal hypnosis. In P. Levin & R. P. Koella (Eds.), Sleep 1974: Instinct, neurophysiology, endocrinology, episodes, dreams, epilepsy, and intracranial pathology. Basel: S. Karger. Pp. 250–251. (Proceedings of the 2nd European Congress on Sleep Research held in Rome, April 8-11, 1974.)
CARLI, G. 1975. Some evidence of analgesia during animal hypnosis. Experimental Brain Research, 23 Suppl., 67. (Abstract.)
CARLI, G. 1975. Suppression of pain response during animal hypnosis. Medicina Psicosomatica, 20, 321. (Abstract.)
CARLI, G. 1976. Animal hypnosis and pain. Seventh International Congress on Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine, Philadelphia. (Abstract.)
CARLL, G., COLTELLI, M., & SABOURIN, M. 1973. Estineione di una risposta di evitamento durante l’ipnosi animale nel coniglio. Bollettino Societa Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale, Naples, 48, 12.
CARLL, G., COLTELLI, M., & SABOURIN, M. 1974. Effects of animal hypnosis on the performance and the extinction of an avoidance response. Brain Research, 66, 365–366.
CARLI, G., FARABOLLINI, F., & FONTANI, G. 1975. Ipnosi animale e dolore. Bollettino Societa Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale, Naples, 51, 186. (Abstract.)
CARLI, G., FARABOLLINI, F., & FONTANI, G. 1976. Responses to painful stimuli during animal hypnosis. In J. J. Bonica & D. Albe-Fessard (Eds.), Advances in pain research and therapy, Volume I. New York: Raven Press. Pp. 727–731. (The basis of this report is: Responses to painful stimuli during animal hypnosis. First World Congress on Pain, Florence, Italy, 1975. Abstract.)
CARLI, G., LEFEBVRE, L., SILVANO, G., & VIERUCCI, S. 1974. Effect of animal hypnosis on Eeg activity during noxious stimulation. Ircs, 2, 1542.
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CARRINGTON, H. 1931. Hypnotizing animals. Psychic Research, 25, 41–44.
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CHAPMAN, F. M. 1937. Life in an air castle: Nature studies in the tropics. New York: D. Appleton-Century Co. (The only mention of Ti is a photograph facing p. 93 of a hypnotized turkey buzzard.)
CHAPMAN, R. N. 1915. Observations of the life history of Agrillus bilineatus. Journal of Agricultural Research, 3, 283–294.
CHARCOT, M. 1877. Episodes nouveaux de l’hystero-epilepsie.–Zoopsie.–Catalepsie chez les animaux. Gazette des Hopitaux Civils et Militaires, 51, 1097–1099.
CHAUCHARD, P. 1950. Hypnose et suggestion. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Reprinted in English, 1964: Hypnosis and suggestion. N.Y.: Walker & Co. Pp. 17-21.
CHEN, S. H. 1942. Observations on the reflex immobilization of Mimastra cyanura Hope (Col.). Sinensia, 13, 125–129.
CHERTOK, L. 1963. L’hypnose: Les problemes theoriques et pratiques, la technique (3rd ed.). Paris: Masson et Cie. (Pp. 54–61 for animal hypnosis.)
CHERTOK, L. 1963. Théories de l’hypnose animale. Cahiers de psychologie clinique et de psychopathologie générale. Groupe de l’evolution psychiatrique, 3, 407–429.
CHERTOK, L. 1964. Hypnose bei Tier und Mensch in aktuelle Hypnose problems. Leipzig: Hirzel. (Hypnosis of animals and men in actual hypnosis problems.)
CHERTOK, L. 1966. Hypnosis. New York: Pergamon Press. (Translated from an expanded version of the 3rd French edition by D. Graham in collaboration with the author.)
CHERTOK, L. 1967. Animal hypnosis. In M. W. Fox (Ed.), Abnormal behavior in animals. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders & Co. Pp. 129–157. Originally published in 1964: A. Brion & H. Ey (Eds.), Psychiatrie animale. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer. (Pp. 447-466.)
CHERTOK, L. 1969. The evolution of research on hypnosis: Introductory remarks. In L. Chertok (Ed.), Psychophysiological mechanisms of hypnosis. New York: Springer-Verlag. (Pp. 1–9, but p. 4 in particular.)
CHERTOK, L., & FONTAINE, M. 1963. Psychosomatics in veterinary medicine. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 7, 229–235.
CHERTOK, L., & KRAMARZ, P. 1959. Hypnosis, sleep and electroencephalography. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 128, 227–237. (“Following the diencephalon and the brain cortex, the center for hypnosis will certainly tentatively be located in the reticular formation. This has already been suggested for animal hypnosis by Svorad; however, he distinguishes animal hypnosis from human hypnosis: the former being located in the sub-cortex, the latter in the cortex.”)
CHIAPPARELLI, W. J., & KAUFMAN, L. W. 1976. The influence of altered lighting regimes on the predation defense behavior of week-old chicks. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York, April. (The effect of altered lighting schedules on the cyclical manifestation of Ti, a natural predation defense response, was assessed in three groups (n = 80) of week-old chicks. Phase-shifting was observed under all conditions (alternating 6L/6D, 6L/18D, 18L/6D) relative to previously described 12L/D behavior.)
CLAPARÈDE, M. 1911. Observations sur un etat hypnoide chez un singe. Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, 32, 161.
CLAPARÈDE, M. 1912. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie. Zweite Jahresversammlung in Munchen am 25. und 26 September 1911. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, 19, 284–285.
CLARKE, F. C. 1876. Experiments on hypnotism. Popular Science Monthly, 9, 211–214. (“Hence, we cannot see anything very wonderful, after all, in these phenomena: they depend wholly and only upon fear, and are but an illustration of the power of the imagination among animals, and add to the evidence daily accumulating of the possession by the lower animals of a certain amount of intelligence.”)
CLEMENTI, A. 1912. Sui meccanismi nervosi, che regolano la coordinatzione dei movimenti locomotorii nei Diplopodi. Zoologische Jahrbeuscher. Abteilung für Allgemeine Zoologie und Physiologie der Tiere, 31, 277–296.
COBB, J. C., & GONZALEZ, L. P. 1975. The effect of induction procedure on the duration of tonic immobility to an arousal stimulus. Paper presented at the meeting of the Southwestern Psychological Association, Houston, April 17–19.
CONANT, R. 1937. The reptiles of Ohio. The American Midland Naturalist, 20, 1–200.
CORIAT, I. H. 1911–1912. The nature of sleep. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 6, 329–367.
COUCH, J. 1847. Illustrations of instinct. London: John Van Voorst. (Describes death feigning in fox and opossum; the discussion cites instances that can be called Tl)
CRANE, J. 1952. A comparative study of innate defensive behavior in Trinidad Mantids (Orthoptera, Mantoidea). Zoologica, 37, 259–293.
CRAWFORD, F. T. 1971. The effect of distribution of trials upon tonic immobility in the tarantula, Aphonopelma californica. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis.
CRAWFORD, F. T. 1972. Pecking order and animal hypnosis in the chicken. Paper presented at the meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association, Atlanta, April.
CRAWFORD, F. T., & BROCK, O. G. 1975. Tonic immobility in snakes. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Denver, November. (Four groups of Colubrid snakes from the Genera Natrix, heterodon, Farancia, and Coluber were investigated for their frequency, duration and habituation to tonic immobility or “animal hypnosis.” the groups differed markedly in their susceptibility to immobility. The data call into question the equivalence of death feigning and animal hypnosis.)
CROZIER, W. J. 1923. Reflex immobility and the central nervous system. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 21, 55–56. (Studied Ti in the land isopod, Cylisticus con vexus.)
CROZIER, W. J., & FEDERIGHI, H. 1923. On the character of central nervous processes. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 21, 56–57.
CZERMAK, J. N. 1856. Eine neurophysiologische Beobachtung an einem Triton cristatus. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Abteilung A, 7, 342–344.
CZERMAK, J. N. 1872. Nachweis echter “Hypnotischer” Erscheinungen bei Thieren. Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien am 5 December 1872, vorgelegte Abhandlung 66 (B. der Sitzungsber dur Akad. 3. Abth. S.), 361-381. Reprinted 1879, Gesammelte Schriften, 1 (2), 836–850.
CZERMAK, J. N. 1873. Beobachtungen und Versuche über “hypnotische” Zustände bei Thieren. Pflüger’s Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere, 7, 107–121.
CZERMAK, J. 1873. Hypnotism in animals. Lecture I. The Popular Science Monthly, 3, 618–627. (Lecture Ii appeared in 4, 75-87.)
DANILEWSKI, V. I. 1881. Über die Hemmungen der Reflex-und Willkür-bewegungen: Beitrage zur Lehre vom thierischen Hypnotismus. Pflüger’s Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere, 24, 489–525.
DANILEWSKI, V. I. 1885. Zur Physiologie des tierischen Hypnotismus. Centralblatt für die medicinischen Wissenschaften, 23 (20), 337–344.
DANILEWSKI, V. I. 1886. K voprossou o sootnechenii fiziologuichesskoi dieiatielnesti golognovo mozga i vniechnikh razdrajenii. Vratch, 7, 797–800, 823-824. Translated into French 1886: Substitution physiologique réciproque de l’activité cérébrale et des impulsions extérieures. Archives Slaves de Biologie, 1, 199-216.
DANILEWSKI, V. I. 1886. Nablioudienia nad isskousstviennoi nervnoi astmoi ou liagouchki. Vratch, 7, 853–855. Translated into French 1886: Recherches sur la dyspnée provoquée chez la grenouille. Archives Slaves de Biologie, 1, 217-228.
DANILEWSKI, V. I. 1887. Observations comparées sur l’hypnotisme des animaux. Recueil Physiologique (en Russe), Charkow, 411–446.
DANILEWSKI, V. I. 1890. Recherches physiologiques sur l’hypnotisme des animaux. Comptes Rendus Contres Internationale de Psychologie et Physiologie, Paris, 79–92.
DARWIN, C. 1891. Posthumous essay on instinct. Appended to C. J. Romanes, Mental evolution in animais. New York: D. Appleton & Co. Pp. 363–364.
DAUVEN, J. 1965. Les pouvoirs de l’hypnose. Paris: Editions Planète. English edition, 1969: The powers of hypnosis. New York: Stein & Day. (Chapter V, pp. 76-87, deals with Ti. on p. 78, there is a sketch of Kircher “putting a chicken in a cataleptic state.”)
DAVIS, D. D. 1953. Behavior of the lizard Corythophanes cristatus. Fieldiana: Zooi, 35 (1), 1–7. (Describes the sequence of defense mechanisms including immobility and “catalepsy as an active but non-aggressive response to a specific localized stimulus.”)
DAVIS, R. E., & HOLMES, P. A. 1971. Ecs-produced retrograde amnesia of conditioned inhibition of respiration in cataleptic goldfish. Physiology and Behavior, 7, 11–14.
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DEGEER, C. 1874. Memoirs pour servir a l’histoire des insectes. Vol. 4, p. 229. (Anobrium pertinax, the small timber-boring beetle. “You may maim them, pull them limb from limb, roast them alive over a slow fire, but you will not gain your end; not a joint will they move, nor show by the least symptom that they suffer pain.”)
de JONG, H. H. 1932. Die experimentelle Katatonie als vielfach vorkommende Reaktionsform des Zentral nervensystems. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 468-499.
de JONG, H.H. 1939. Experimental catatonia in a chimpanzee. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology (New York), 41, 395.
de JONG, H. H. 1945. Experimental catatonia: A general reaction-form of the central nervous system and its implications for human pathology. Baltimore: Williams & Rilkins Co. (See pp. 3–5, 42-67, and especially pp. 126-127. “It is possible that we can account for this reaction by assuming, hypothetically, an intensive vasoconstriction in the brain, giving rise to ’cellular asphyxiation.’“)
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DENNY, M. R., & RATNER, S. C. 1970. Comparative psychology. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press.
de VARIGNY, H. 1929. Mort veritable et fausse mort (Essais sur la mort). Paris: F. Alcan. (Real and false death.) (Essays on death.)
DEWAR, J. M. The oy ster catcher’s progress towards maturity. British Birds, 13, 207-213.
DEXLER, H. 1907. Die Schreckziegen oder fainting goats. Berliner Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, December 21, p. 270.
DEXLER, H. 1926. Mangold, E.: Methodik der Versuche über tierische Hypnose. Abderhalden, hbd. d. biol. Arbeitsmethoden, Abt. Iv, Teil Cl, 1925. S. 319-367. Psychologische Forschung: Zeitschrift für Psychologie und ihre Grenzwissenschaften, 7-8, 244-254. (This is a book review of Mangold’s classic work.)
DEXLER, H. 1927. Hypnose der Tiere. Enzyklopaedie von Wirth und Stang., 4, Wien.
DEXLER, H. 1929. Über die Hypnose der Tiere. Prag.
DICKINSON, W. H. 1945. On “spitting” cobras. Herpetologica, 3 (1), 28–30. (Death feigning.)
DOTY, R. L. 1969. The effect of environmental movement upon the duration of tonic immobility in bobwhite quail. Psychonomic Science, 16, 48–49.
DRAPER, D., & KLEMM, W. R. 1967. Behavioral responses associated with animal hypnosis. The Psychological Record, 17(1), 13–21.
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DUPORTE, E. M. 1917. The death-feigning instinct. The Canadian Entomologist, 49 (7), 221–225.
ECKSTEIN, A. 1919. Weitere Utersuchungen zur tierischen Hypnose über Muskeltonus, Dauer und Eintritt des hypnotischen Zuständes Sowie über die Reflexerregbarkeit wahrend desselben. Pflüger ’s Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere, 177, 38–56.
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EDMUNDS, M. 1972. Defensive behaviour in Ghanaian praying mantids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 51, 1–32. (Thanatosis is discussed, but it is unclear whether this is Tl)
EDMUNDS, M. 1974. Defence in animals. A survey of anti-predator defences. Great Britain: Longman Group, Ltd. (See pp. 172–173 for coverage of thanatosis. Also briefly mentioned on pp. 245 and 290.)
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EDSON, P. H. 1973. Chemical correlates of tonic immobility in chickens. Unpubll’. ed doctoral dissertation, Tulane University.
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ERHARD, H. 1924. Hypnose bei Tieren. Giessen: Topelmann. Reprinted 1959: J. H. Schultz (Ed.), Tecnica de la hipnosis. Buenos Aires: Ed. Vasquez. (Discusses three methods of hypnotizing hens.)
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EWBANK, R. 1967. The behavior of animals in restraint. In M. W. Fox (Ed.), Abnormal behavior in animals. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. Pp. 159–177. (P. 167 begins a section on restraint in the domestic sheep. P. 170 has a figure portraying a possible trance state in sheep.)
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FABRE, J. H. 1897. La simulation de la mort. Revue des Questions Scientifique, 14, 111–139. (Letisimulation in the beetle, Scarites gigas. Duration of five successive feints gradually increased from first to last.)
FABRE, J. H. 1917. Souvenirs Entomologiques: Etudes sur l’instinct et les Moeurs des Insectes. (Septième serie). Paris: Librairie Delagrave. (Pp. 14–27 are on the simulation of death, and pp. 28-41 are on Hypnosis–The Suicide. See Chertok, p. 137 (in Fox, 1968), for a brief discussion of this paper.)
FINKENBRINK, W. 1933. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur dewjtzschen hypothese des apterismus bei insekten. Zeitschrift für morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere, 26, Abteilung A, 385–426.
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FOLEY, J. P., Jr. 1937. Tonic immobility in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatto) induced by manipulation, immobilization, and experimental inversion of the visual field. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 26 (3), 515–526.
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FOX, M. W. 1967. Psychomotor disturbances. In M. W. Fox (Ed.), Abnormal behavior in animals. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. (Ti discussed on pp. 359-362. Includes a figure of an adult female beagle in Ti.)
FRANCQ, E. N. 1969. Behavioral aspects of feigned death in the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis). American Midland Naturalist, 81, 556–567.
FRASER, A. F. 1960. Spontaneously occurring forms of “tonic immobility” in farm animals. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science, 24, 330–333.
FRAUCHIGER, E. 1945. Seelische Erkrankungen bei Mensch und Tier. Eine Grundlage für eine vergleichende Psychopathologie. Bern: H. Huber.
FROLOV, Y. P. 1937. Pavlov and his school. London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. (Fig. 21, facing p. 156 shows a dove in Tl See pp. 157-157. Also refers to “the so-called Todstill reflex of German authors.
GABOR, K. 1934. Allatokhipnotizalasarol. Termeszet es Tarsadalom, Budapest, 35, 35–36.
GAGLIARDI, G. J., GALLUP, G. G., Jr., & BOREN, J. L. in press. Effect of different pupil to eye size ratios on tonic immobility in chickens. Bulletin of the Psychonomie Society.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr. 1972. Mirror-image stimulation and tonic immobility in chickens. Psychonomic Science, 28, 257–259.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr. 1972. Some chickens I have intimidated. Psychology Today, 6 (3), 62–64.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr. 1973. Evolutionary underpinnings of tonic immobility: Evidence for genetic control. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, November.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr. 1973. Simulated prédation and tonic immobility in lizards (Anolis carolinensis). Copeia, 3, 623–624.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr. 1973. Tonic immobility in chickens: Is a stimulus that signals shock more aversive than the receipt of shock? Animal Learning and Behavior, 1(3), 228–232.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr. 1974. Animal hypnosis: Factual status of a fictional concept. Psychological Bulletin, 81, 836–853.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr. 1974. Animal hypnosis: Psychological, ecological, and evolutionary considerations. Symposium paper presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Society for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Montreal, October.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr. 1974. Genetic influence on tonic immobility in chickens. Animal Learning and Behavior, 2(2), 145–147.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr. 1975. Hypnosis in animals. New Scientist, 66(944), 68–70.
GALLUP, G. G.; Jr. 1975. Immobility and the fear hypothesis: Conceptual and empirical anchor points. Symposium paper presented at the Southwestern Psychological Association Meeting, houston, April.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr. 1976. Eye contact and tonic immobility: a bird’s eye view of prédation. Paper presented at the 48th meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, May. (Ti appears to have evolved as the terminal reaction in a sequential series of distance-dependent predator defenses. A number of very different experiments converge to show that eye contact between predator and prey potentiates the immobility episode. This unusual avian sensitivity to eyes has had some far-reaching ecological repercussions.)
GALLUP, G. G., Jr. 1976. Animal hypnosis: The role of fear and prédation. The Psychological Record, this issue. (Cited elsewhere as “in press” in F. T. Crawford & A. M. Prestrude (Eds.), Animal hypnosis: Current research and theory. This book was never published, but a revised version of that paper appears in this issue.)
GALLUP, G. G., Jr. in press. Animal hypnosis. In D. McFarland (Ed.), The Oxford companion to animal behaviour. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., CREEKMORE, H. S., & HILL, W. E., III. 1970. Shock-enhanced immobility reactions in chickens: Support for the fear hypothesis. The Psychological Record, 20, 243–245.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., CUMMINGS, W. H., & NASH, R. F. 1972. The experimenter as an independent variable in studies of animal hypnosis in chickens (Gallus gallus). Animal Behaviour, 20, 166–169.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., & GARRISON, S. 1975. Habituation and tonic immobility: Parametric studies. Paper presented at the 16th meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Denver, November. (Five studies were conducted in an attempt to determine the parameter of habituation of Ti in chickens. Habituation effects proved surprisingly durable, with diminished immobility lasting 2.5 months. Rate of habituation was faster when immobility termination was self-paced as opposed to experimenter-induced. Massed trials produced robust sensitization effects, rather than habituation.)
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., LEDBETTER, D. H., & MASEIR, J. D. in press. Strain differences among chickens in tonic immobility: Evidence for an emotionality component. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., & MASER, J. D. 1972. Effect of different parameters of aversive conditioning on tonic immobility in chickens. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, November.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., & MASER, J. D. 1974. Tonic immobility: Evolutionary underpinnings of human catalepsy and catatonia. Symposium paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, August.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., MASER, J. D., & LEDBETTER, D. H. 1975. Tonic immobility in chickens: Strain and emotionality differences. Paper presented at the 16th meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Denver, November. (As evidence for genetic involvement in Ti, substantial strain differences were found among different breeds of chicks. In an attempt to relate the differences in immobility to more conventional measures of emotionality, open-field activity, defecation, and adrenal weight data were collected. Cross-breeding yielded hybrids which showed intermediate immobility durations.)
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., MASER, J. D., WALLNAU, L. B., & EDSON, P. H. in press. Tonic immobility in chickens: Dependence on plasma tryptophan levels. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., & NASH, R. F. 1970. “Animal hypnosis”: a fear reaction in domestic chickens. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, San Antonio, November.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., NASH, R. F., & BROWN, C. W. 1971. The effects of a tranquilizer on the immobility reaction in chickens: Additional support for the fear hypothesis. Psychonomic Science, 23, 127–128.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., NASH, R. F., DONEGAN, N. H., & MCCLURE, M. K. 1971. The immobility response: a predator-induced reaction in chickens. The Psychological Record, 21 (4), 513–519.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., NASH, R. F., & ELLISON, A. L., Jr. 1971. Tonic immobility as a reaction to prédation: Artificial eyes as a fear stimulus for chickens. Psychonomic Science, 23, 79–80.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., NASH, R. F., POTTER, R. J., & DONEGAN, N. H. 1970. Effect of varying conditions of fear on immobility reactions in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 72, 442–445.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., NASH, R. F., & WAGNER, A. M. 1971. The tonic immobility reaction in chickens: Response characteristics and methodology. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 3 (5), 237–239.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., ROSEN, T. S., & BROWN, C. W. 1972. Effect of conditioned fear on tonic immobility in domestic chickens. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 78 (1), 22–25.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., & SWANSON, E. T. 1971. The effect of different dimensions of social stimulation on tonic immobility in chickens. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, November.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., WALLNAU, L. B., & GAGLIARDI, G. J. 1976. Activity during immobility: Evidence for the integrity of sensory processing. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, November.
GALLUP, G. G., Jr., & WILLIAMSON, G. T. 1972. Effect of food deprivation and a visual cliff on tonic immobility. Psychonomic Science, 29 (5), 301–302.
GEE, W. P., & LATHROP, F. H. 1912. Death feigning in Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 5, 391–399. (Ti in the Plum curculio.)
GEHLBACH, F. R. 1970. Death-feigning and erratic behavior in Leptotyphlopid, Colubrid, and Elapid snakes. Herpetologica, 26, 24–34.
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GEREBETZOFF, M. A. 1949. Recherches sur l’inhibition généralisée de Richet. Archives Internationales de Physiologie, 56, 286–310.
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GILL, M. M., & BRENMAN, M. 1959. Hypnosis and relatedstates. New York: International Universities Press.
GILMAN, T. T., & MARCUSE, F. L. 1949. Animal hypnosis. Psychological Bulletin, 46(2), 151–165.
GILMAN, T. T., MARCUSE, F. L., & MOORE, A. U. 1950. “Animal hypnosis”: a study of the induction of tonic immobility in chickens. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 43, 99–111.
GINSBURG, H. J. 1973. The tonic immobility reaction in domestic fowl (Gallus gallus): An examination of the defensive distance hypothesis. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Houston.
GINSBURG, H. J. 1974. Defensive distance: An ethological consideration of tonic immobility in 3-day-old chicks (Gallus gallus). Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, August.
GINSBURG, H. J. 1975. Controlled vs. noncontrolled termination of the tonic immobility reaction in chickens (Gallus gallus): Parallels with the learned helplessness phenomenon. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Denver, November. (Chickens allowed to control termination of tonic immobility showed subsequent diminished duration of the immobility response and increased swimming time (a general survival measure) when compared to subjects not allowed to control termination. It is suggested that parallels exist between control of termination of immobility and control-related contingencies noted in studies of learned helplessness.)
GINSBURG, H. J. 1975. Inhibitory fear states in infrahuman organisms: Psychophysiological, developmental and bio-ethological effects. Paper presented at a symposium on tonic immobility, Southwestern Psychological Association, houston, April.
GINSBURG, H.J. 1975. Defensive distance and immobility in young precocial birds (Gallus gallus). Developmental Psychobiology, 8 (3), 281–285. (Publication was based on Ginsburg’s 1974 paper presentation.)
GINSBURG, H. J., & BRAUD, W. G. 1971. Prolongation of immobility in chickens by fear-enhancers: Effect of adrenalin, inescapable restraint and room illumination. Paper presented at the meeting of the Southwestern Psychological Association, San Antonio, April.
GINSBURG, H. J., BRAUD, W. G., & TAYLOR, R. D. 1973a. The distress vocalization: Is it an adequate index of f ear or arousal in the open field? Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, November.
GINSBURG, H. J., BRAUD, W. G., & TAYLOR, R. D. 1973b. Adaptive and nonadaptive responsivity to a rapidly moving visual stimulus: Intense fear as an inhibitor of appropriate avoidance behavior. Paper presented at the meeting of the Southwestern Psychological Association, Dallas, April.
GINSBURG, H. J., BRAUD, W. G., & TAYLOR, R. D. 1974. Inhibition of distress vocalizations in the open field as a function of heightened fear or arousal in domestic fowl (Gallus gallus). Animal Behaviour, 22, 744–747. (Based on Ginsburg et al. 1973a.)
GINSBURG, H. J., BRAUD, W. G., & TAYLOR, R. D. 1974. Effect of looming object on immobility reaction in Gallinaceous birds (Gallus gallus). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 86, 146–150. (Based on Ginsburgetal. 1973b.)
GIRAULT, A. A. 1913. Fragments of North American insects. Entomological News, 24, 338–344. (Letisimulation in the Trox.)
GLEY, E. 1895. De quelques conditions favorisant l’hypnose chez les animaux. Année Psychologique, Paris, 2, 70–78.
GLEY, E. 1895. De quelques conditions favorisant l’hypnotisme chez les grenouilles. Comptes Rendus des Seances et mémoires de la Société de Biologie, 47, 518–521.
GLOYD, H. K. 1927. The amphibians and reptiles of Franklin County, Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences, 31, 115–141. (Only one out of four hognose snakes feipned death, and that one rapidly habituated: p. 122.)
GODGLÜCK, U. 1935. Die kataleptischen Erscheinungen bei den Hemipteren. Zeitschrift für Zoologie, 146, 232-
GODGLUCK, U. 1935. Umdrehbewegungen und Lichtreaktionen der Kataleptischen Neides tipularisl. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 55, 187–197.
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GREEN, E. E. 1906. Curious action of a toad when confronted by a snake. Spolia Zeylanica, 3, Part Xi, 196.
GRISCOM, L. 1945. Modern bird study. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (“Allen set a caged song sparrow in the territory of a neighbor. Wild with fear it fell dead when this bird seized its wing-feathers.”)
GROTE, A. R. 1887. On insects feigning death. Canadian Entomologist, 20, 120.
GRUBER, R. P., & AMATO, J.J. 1970. Hypnosis for rabbit surgery. Laboratory Animal Care, 20, 741–742.
GUENON, L. A. 1901. L’ame du cheval: Etude de psychologie Comparée. Paris: Châlons-sur-Marne. (An apparently valid citation from Chertok (1968), but not available in the U.S.A. or Canada.)
GUNTER, G., & MCCAUGHAN, D. 1959. Catalepsy in two common marine animals. Science, 130, 1194–1195.
HABERLAND, H. F. O. 1926. Die “sog. Tierhypnose” im Dienste der experimentellen Chirurgie. Brun’s Beitrage zur Klinischen Chirurgie, 135, 370–377. (So-called animal hypnosis in the service of experimental surgery.)
HAGAMAN, T. E. 1976. Tonic immobility in the domestic cricket in response to prédation by rats and a human. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, May. (320 crickets (Acheta domesticus) in groups of 10 were exposed to prédation by rats. 55 immobility reactions were observed and 19 immobile crickets were hoarded by one rat. Only one of two human prédation procedures reliably elicited immobility in crickets (mean immobility duration = 41 sec.).)
HAHN, M. 1975. The opponent process theory of motivation as a model for tonic immobility. Unpublished master’s thesis, Tulane University.
HALTOM, W. L. 1931. Alabama reptiles. Alabama Museum of Natural History, Museum Paper No. 11, 1–145. (See pp. 23-24 for death feigning in Heterodon contortrix.)
HAMILTON, J. 1887. Knowledge of death in insects. Canadian Entomologist, 20, 179–180.
HAMILTON, J. 1887. Saperda Fayi, S. Concolor and Aphodius rufipes. The Canadian Entomologist, 20, 6–9.
HAMILTON, W. J. 1939. American mammals. New York: McGraw-Hill.
HAMILTON, W. J., Jr. 1963. Success story of the opossum. Natural History, Feb., 17–24. (P). 24 discusses death feigning and has a picture of an opossum “playing possum.” Nomention of manual restraint.)
HANDLIRSCH, A. 1962. Erstes kapiteo biologie (Ökologie-Ethologie). In C. W. M. Schröder (Ed.), Handbuch der En tomologie, 2, 1–151.
HARPER, R. M. 1967. Behavioral and electrophysiological study of sleep and animal hypnosis. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, McMaster University.
HARPER, R. M. 1971. Frequency changes in hippocampal electrical activity during movement and tonic immobility. Physiology and Behavior, 7(1), 55–57.
HARRISON, G. 1936. A bird diary. London.
HARSTON, C. T., SIBLEY, D. H., GALLUP, G. G., Jr., & Wallnau, L. B. In press. Effects of intraventricular injections of imipramine and 5-hydroxytryptamine on tonic immobility in chickens. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society.
HARTMAN, C. G. 1950. Playing possum. Scientific American, 182, 52–55. (Reprinted as Chapter 9 in Hartman, 1952.)
HARTMAN, C. G. 1952. Possums. Austin: University of Texas Press. (Chapter 9, pp. 63-70: This chapter appeared, slightly changed, in Hartman, 1950.)
HASE, A. 1932. Nahrungsaufnahme und Exkretionsverhältnisse bei blutsaugenden Insekten und Gliedertjeren. Naturwissenschaften, 20, 345–349.
HASE, A. 1932. Über Starrezustände bei blutsaugenden Wanzen. I. Mitteilung betr. Pan-strongylus (Triatoma). Naturwissenschaften, 20, 967–971.
HASKINS, C. P. 1970. Researches in the biology and social behavior of primitiveants. In L. R. Aronson, E. Tobach, D. S. Lehrman, & J. S. Rosenblatt (Eds.), Development and evolution of behavior: Essays in memory of T. C. Schneirla. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. (On p. 380 there is a description of Ti in the ant, Rhytidoponera metallica.)
HATTON, D. C., & THOMPSON, R. W. 1972. The effect of auditory stimulation on the duration of tonic immobility (animal hypnosis). Paper presented at the meeting of the Washington State Psychological Association, May.
HATTON, D. C., & THOMPSON, R. W. 1975. Termination of tonic immobility in chickens by auditory stimulation. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 5, 61–62.
HATTON, D. C., WOODRUFF, M. L., & MEYER, M. E. 1975. Cholinergic modulation of tonic immobility in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 89(9), 1053–1060.
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HEDIGER, H. 1955. Skizzen zu einer Tierpsychologie im Zoo und im Zirkus. Zurich: Genossenschaft Buechergilde. Translated into English: Studies of the psychology and behaviour of captive animals in zoos and circuses. New York: Criterion Books. Reprinted 1968: The Psychology and Behaviour of Animals in Zoos and Circuses. New York: Criterion Books. Reprinted 1968: The psychology and behaviour of animals in zoos and circuses. New York: Dover Publications. (See Chapter 5 especially.)
HEINROTH, O. 1933. Zur “Akinese” bei freilebenden VoIgeln. Ornithologische Monatsberichte, 41 (5), 151.
HEMPELMANN, F. 1926. Tierpsychologie vom Standpunkte des biologen. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft M.B.H. (Ti discussed on pp. 577–594. Pictures of goat, pig, and dog in TI.)
HENNIG, C. W., DUNLAP, W. P., & GALLUP, G. G., Jr. 1976. Effect of defensive distance and opportunity to escape on tonic immobility in Anolis carolinensis. The Psychological Record, 26(3), 313–320.
HENNIG, C. W., DUNLAP, W. P., & GALLUP, G. G., Jr. 1976. The effects of internal rhythms and environmental stimuli on tonic immobility in lizards. Paper presented at the meeting of the Southwestern Psychological Association, New Orleans, March.
HENNIG, C. W., & GALLUP, G. G., Jr. 1976. Tonic immobility in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus): a response to fear. Paper presented at the meeting of the Animal Behavior Society, Boulder, June.
HERRICK, C. J. 1924. Neurological foundations of animal behavior. New York: Henry Holt 6 Co. (On pp. 146-147, herrick mentions the “so-called death-feigning reflex” and seems to confuse it with freezing. He refers only to insects.)
HERRICK, F. H. 1895. The American lobster: a study of its habits and development. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission. (Pp. 1–152.)
HEUBEL, E. 1877. Über die Abhängigkeit des wachen Gehirnzuständes von äusseren Erregungen. Ein Beitrag zur Physiologie des Schlafes und zur Würdigung des Kir-cher’schen Experimentum mirabile. Pßuger’s Archiv für Gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere, 14, 158–210.
HEYMONS, R. 1901. Biologische Beobachtungen an asiatischen Solifungen nebst Beitragen zur Systematik derselben. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin. Physikalischmathematische klasse. Abhandlungen, 65, 1–65.
HEYMONS, R., LENGERKEN, H. V., & BAYER, M. 1926. Studien über die Lebenserscheinungen der Silphini. I. Silpha obscura L. Zeitschrift für morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere, 6, 287–332.
HEYMONS, R., LENGERKEN, H. V., & BAYER, M. 1927. Studien über die Lebenserscheinungen der Silphini (Coleopt.). II. Phosphuga atrata L. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere, 9, 271–312. (See esp. p. 293.)
HICKS, L. E. 1975. Cholinergic underpinnings of habituation in domestic chickens. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tulane University.
HICKS, L. E., MASER, J. D., GALLUP, G. G., Jr., & EDSON, P. H. 1975. Possible serotonergic mediation of tonic immobility: Effects of morphine and serotonin blockade. Psychopharmaco logia, 42, 51–56.
HINDE, R. A. 1966. Animal behaviour: a synthesis of ethology and comparative psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill. (See pp. 289, 439.) Second Edition, 1970. (See p. 420.)
HINSCHE, G. 1926. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum sogenannten Unkenreflex. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 46, 296–305.
HOAGLAND, H. 1927. Quantitative aspects of tonic immobility in vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 13, 838–843. (Studied Ti in the lizards Anolis carolinensis and Phrynosoma strumosa.)
HOAGLAND, H. 1927. The mechanism of tonic immobility (“animal hypnosis”). Journal of General Psychology, 1, 426–447. (Studied Anolis carolinensis and Phrynosoma strumosa, the horned toad. Also the meal worm, Tenebrio larvae.)
HOAGLAND, H. 1927. On the mechanism of tonic immobility in vertebrates. Journal of General Physiology, 11 (6), 715–741.
HOFER, M. A. 1970. Cardiac and respiratory function during sudden, prolonged immobility in wild rodents. Psychosomatic Medicine, 32 (6), 633–647.
HOFFMANN, L. 1900. Die Hypnose bei den Thieren. Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 7 (44), 517–519.
HOFFMANN, R. W. 1921. Die experimentelle und biologische Hypnose bei Limnotrechus lacustris. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Gottingen. Mathematische-physikalische Klasse. Nachrichten. 193–216. (No volume number on journal.)
HOFFMANN, R. W. 1921. Periodischer Tageswechsel und andere biologische Rhythmen beiden poikilothermen Tieren. Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie, 7, 644–657.
HOFFMANN, R. W. 1921. Untersuchungen über experimentelle Hypnose bei Insekten und ihre Beziehungen zum Berührungsreiz. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Gottingen. Mathematische-physikalische Klasse. Nachrichten. 71-87. (Research on experimental hypnosis on insects and the relation to external contact.)
HOFFMANN, R. W. 1926. Die reflektorischen Immobilisationszustände im Tierreich. Handbuch der normalen undpathologischen Physiologie, 17, 691–714.
HOFFMANN, R. W. 1933. Zur Analyse des Reflexgeschehens bei Blatta orientalis L. Zeit schrift für Vergleichende Physiologie, 18, 740–795.
HOLMES, S. J. 1903. Death-feigning in terrestrial amphipods. Biological Bulletin, 3, 191–196.
HOLMES, S. J. 1906. Death-feigning in Ranatra. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 16, 200–216.
HOLMES, S. J. 1908. The instinct of feigning death. Scientific American, Supplement No. 1692, June 6, 362–363.
HOLMES, S. J. 1908. The instinct of feigning death. Popular Science Monthly, 72, 179–185.
HOLMES, S. J. 1916. Studies in animal behavior. Boston: Badger.
HOLMES, S. J. 1929. A note on tonic immobility. Journal of General Psychology, 2, 378. (A reply to Hoagland’s 1928 paper in this journal.)
HOOPER, J. J. 1916. A peculiar breed of goats. Science, 43, 571.
HOSKOVEC, J. 1969. A critical evaluation of the Pavlovian theory of hypnosis. In L. Chertok (Ed.), Psychophysiological mechanisms of hypnosis. New York: Springer-Verlag. (See pp. 45–51, and especially p. 47.)
HOSKOVEC, J. 1969. Psychologie hypnózy a sugesce. Praha: Academia Nakladalelstvi Československé Akademie véd.
HOSKOVEC, J., & SVORAD, D. 1965. Relacion entre la hipnosis humana y animal. Paper presented at the International Congress of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine, Paris, April 28–30. Reprinted 1969: The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 11, 180–182.
HOSKOVEC, J., & SVORAD, D. 1966. Recent literature in hypnosis from the European Socialist countries. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 8, 210–225. (308 references, some on TI).
HOSKOVEC, J., & SVORAD, D. 1969. The relationship between human and animal hypnosis. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 11, 180–182. (A paper by the same title and authors was presented at the International Congress of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine, Paris, April 28–30, 1965.)
HOSKOVEC, J., SVORAD, D., & SMIEŠKOVÁ, A. 1968. The antecedent of human hypnosis: Animal hypnosis and its EEG pattern. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 10 (4), 261–264.
HOWARD, J. S. 1972. Schizophrenia and the Balinese. Conditional Reflex, 7 (4), 232–243.
HUDSON, G. E. 1942. The amphibians and reptiles of Nebraska. Nebraska Conservation Bulletin, 24, 1–146. (Western hog-nosed snakes did not play ’possum.)
HUDSON, W. H. 1923. The naturalist in La Plata. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd. Reprinted 1968: New York: AMS Press, Inc. (Chapter 15 is titled “The death-feigning instinct,” but much is clearly TI. For example the fox, opossum, and partridge are discussed as TI.)
HUGHES, R. A. 1976. Shock-enhanced tonic immobility in chickens as a function of age. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis.
HULME, J. H. 1951. The “playing possum” habits of the Ringhals cobra. Herpetologica, 1(3), 132. (Suggests fainting as an explanation of death feigning.)
JAMES, J. B. (Not dated.) Trance: Its various aspects and possible results. London. (Rare book in Library of Congress, BF 1121 H6v3No.7, Houdini Collection.)
JAMES, W. T. 1937. An experimental study of the defense mechanisms in the opossum with emphasis on natural behavior and its mode of life. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 51, 95–100. (Death-feigning. No manual restraint involved. In response to electric shock, the opossum curled up.)
JANIK, A. 1961. Poruchy psychomotoriky pri psychózách. Bratislava: Vydavatel’stvo Slovenskej Akadémie Vied. (See pp. 32, 123.)
JOHNSON, F., & GIRAULT, A. A. 1906. The Plum Curculio. Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, Circular No. 73, 1–10. (Death feigning.)
JOHNSON, J. A., & BRODIE, E. D., Jr. 1972. Aposematic function of the defensive behavior in the salamander Taricha granulosa. American Zoologist, 12, 647–648.
JORDAN, R., Jr. 1970. Death-feigning in a captive red-bellied snake, Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer). Herpetologica, 26, 466–468.
JUST, G. 1934. Zur Phylogenese von Anpassungscharakteren. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft. Leipzig.
KAFKA, G. 1914. Einführung in die Tierpsychologie auf Experimenteller und ethologischer Grundlage. Leipzig: J. A. Barth.
KAKUSHKINA, E. A., & IUSHKINA, S. I. 1947. Vliianie gipofizektomii na iavleniia tak nazyvaemogo zhivotnogo gipnoza. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Doklady. Novaia Seriia Biologiia, 2, 295–298. (The influence of hypophysectomy upon the phenomena of so-called animal hypnosis.)
KARMANOVA, I. G. 1955. Vliianie preryvistogo svetovogo razdrazheniia na dvigatelnyi analizator kur (model eksperimentalnoi katalepsii). Izdama Instituta Eksperimentalnoi Mediciny, Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR, Leningrad. Tezis i doklada po itogam nauchno -issledovatel’noi raboty. (Influence of intermittent optic stimuli upon the motor analyzer of chickens (model of experimental catalepsy).)
KARMANOVA, I. G. 1956. K analizu experimental’noi katalepsii u kur. EzhegodnikInstituta Experimental’noi Mediciny, Leningrad, Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR. Pp. 77–83. (The analysis of experimental catalepsy in chickens.)
KARMANOVA, I. G. 1956. Soveshchania po voprosu evoliutsionnoi fiziologoii nervnoi sistemy. Tezis doklada. Proceedings of a Conference on the Evolutionary Physiology of the Nervous System. Leningrad
KARMANOVA, I. G. 1956. Vliianie preryvistogo svetovogo razdrazheniia na dvigatelnyi analizator kur (model eksperimentalnoi katalepsii i ee analiz). Izdama Instituta Eksperimentalnoi Mediciny, Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR, Leningrad. Tezis i referativyi doklada soveshchania po vopr. evikiutsionnoi fiziologii nervnoi sist. (Influence of intermittent optic stimuli upon the motor analyzer of chickens (model of experimental catalepsy and its analysis).)
KARMANOVA, I. G. 1958. Eksperimental’noi nevroz u kur. In D. A. Biryukov (Ed.), Problemy sravenitel’noi fiziologii i patologii nervnoi deyateVnosti. Leningrad: Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk. (Experimental neurosis in chickens, published in Problems in comparative physiology and pathology of nervous activity. This could be interpreted as TI.)
KARMANOVA, I. G. 1958. Optiogenic experimental catalepsy in chickens. In D. A. Biryukov (Ed.), Problemy sravenitel’noi fiziologii i patologii nervnoi deyateVnosti. Leningrad: Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk. (Pp. 17–27.)
KARMANOVA, I. G. 1959. Elektrofiziologicheskie dannye k analizu mekhanizma fotogennoi katalepsii u kur. Soobshchenie 1. Sbornik Issledovaniia po evoliutsii nervnoi deiatelnosti. Trudy Instituta Eksperimentalnoi Mediciny, Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR, Leningrad. (Electrophysiological indices for the analysis of the mechanism of photogenic catalepsy in chickens. Communication 1.)
KARMANOVA, I. G. 1959. Elektrofiziologicheskie dannye k analizu mekhanizma fotogennoi katalepsii u kur. Soobschenie 2. Sbornik Issledovaniia po evoliutsii nervnoi deiatelnosti. Trudy Instituta Eksperimentalnoi Mediciny, Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR, Leningrad. (Electrophysiological indices for the analysis of the mechanism of photogenic catalepsy in chickens. Communication 2.)
KARMANOVA, I. G. 1961. Izuchenie roli sheinogo otdela simpaticheskoi nervnoi sistemy v obrazovanii katalepticheskogo tormozheniia (fenomen fotogennoi katalepsii) u raznykh predstavitelei pozvonochnykh. Tezis i referativyi doklada 3-go nauchnogo soveshchania po evoliutsionnoi fiziologii posviashchonnego pamiati L.A. Orbeli. Leningrad. (Investigation of the role of jugular part of the sympathetic nervous system in the development of cataleptic inhibition (phenomenon of photogenic catalepsy) in various vertebrates. Thesis and abstracted report of the 3rd Scientific Conference on Evolutionary Physiology, Dedicated to the Memory of L.A. Orbeli.)
KARMANOVA, I. G. 1962. O vliianii chastichnoi simpatektomii na obrazovanie fotogennoi katalepsii. Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR, imenil. M. Sechenova, 48, 796–805.
KARMANOVA, I. G. 1964. Fotogennaia katalepsiia. Moskva, Leningrad: Nauka.
KARMANOVA, I. G., & SHAPIRO, B. I. 1963. O supraopticheskikh i paraventrikuliarnykh kletochnykh skopleniiakh perednego gipotalamusa pri fotogennoi katalepsii. Arkhiv Anatomii, Gistologii i Embriologii, 45, 34–41.
KARMANOVA, I. G., & SHAPIRO, B. I. 1964. O subkomissurarnom organe pri fotogennoi katalepsii. Arkhiv Anatomii, Gistologii i Embriologii, 46 (6), 42–49. (The sub-commisural organ in photogenic catalepsy. Subjects were guinea pigs, chickens, and frogs. This does not appear to be TI, but a similar state brought about by the repetitious flashing of light.)
KASTENBAUM, R., & AISENBERG, R. 1972. The psychology of death. New York: Springer Publishing Co. (See pp. 133–136 for discussion of TI.)
KATZ, D. 1937. Animals and men. Studies in comparative psychology. London: Longmans, Green & Co. Reprinted 1942: Animalesy hombres: Estudios depsicologidcomparada. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe. Reprinted 1948: Mensch und Tier: Studien zur vergleichenden Psychologic Zurich: Morgarten Verlag.
KAUFMAN, L. W., & ROVEE, C. K. 1975. A circadian control of tonic immobility behavior in young domestic chicks. Paper presented at the 12th International Conference of the International Society of Chronobiology, Washington, D.C.
KENNEDY, J. P. 1961. Eggs of the Eastern Hognose snake, Heterodon platyrhinos. Texas Journal of Science, 13 (4), 416–422.
KILPATRICK, J. W. 1893. Feigned death in snakes. Science, o.s., 22, 208–209.
KIRBY, W., & SPENCE, W. 1859. An introduction to entomology. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts. (In the 7th edition TI is discussed on pp. 412–413; in the 6th edition, on pp. 447–449. The dung-chafer, Geotrupes sterocarius, is studied and the authors note that the death feint and death itself look very similar.)
KIRCHER, A. 1646. Experimentum Mirabile. De Imaginatione Gallinae. Ars Magna Luciset Umbrae, Volumen Secundum, Pars 1, pp. 154–155. Romae: Sumptibus Hermanni Scheus.
KIRK, W. E. 1966. The effect of shock on duration of an immobility response of frogs. Paper presented at the Psi Chi paper session at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago.
KIRKMAN, F. B. 1937. Bird behaviour. London: T. Nelson.
KLEINEBERGER, O. 1916. Referat über Mangold’s Hypnose und Katalepsie bei Tier en. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 42, 1030.
KLEITMAN, N. 1939. Sleep and wakefulness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Revised edition, 1963. (See pp. 462–464 in first edition; pp. 335–336, 338 in second edition.)
KLEMM, W. R. 1965. Animal hypnosis. Discovery, 26 (11), 35–39.
KLEMM, W. R. 1965. Drug potentiation of hypnotic restraint of rabbits, as indicated by behavior and brain electrical activity. Laboratory Animal Care, 15, 163–167.
KLEMM, W. R. 1965. Potentiation of animal “hypnosis” with low level electric current stimulation. Animal Behaviour, 13, 571–574.
KLEMM, W. R. 1966. Electroencephalographic-behavioral dissociations during animal hypnosis. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 21, 365–372.
KLEMM, W. R. 1966. A method to encourage extensive study of animal hypnotic behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9, 63–64.
KLEMM, W. R. 1969. Animal “hypnosis,” an experimental model of EEG-behavioral dissociations. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 26, 336. (Abstract.)
KLEMM, W. R. 1969. Brain stem electrographic correlates of the immobility reflex (“animal hypnosis”). Federation Proceedings. (Abstract No. 3161.)
KLEMM, W. R. 1969. Mechanisms of the immobility reflex (“animal hypnosis”): II. EEG and multiple unit correlates in the brainstem. Communications in Behavioral Biology, 3 (1), 43–52.
KLEMM, W. R. 1970. Correlation of hippocampal theta rhythm, muscle activity, and brain stem reticular formation activity. Communications in Behavioral Biology, 5, 147–151.
KLEMM, W. R. 1970. Sleep and wakefulness. In M. J. Swenson (Ed.), Duke’s physiology of domestic animals (8th edition). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
KLEMM, W. R. 1971. EEG and multiple-unit activity in limbic and motor systems during movement and immobility. Physiology and Behavior, 7, 337–343.
KLEMM, W. R. 1971. Evoked responses in brain motor areas during the immobility reflex (“animal hypnosis”). Physiology and Behavior, 6(2), 137–144.
KLEMM, W. R. 1971. Limbic system evoked responses during the immobility reflex (“animal hypnosis”). Communications in Behavioral Biology, 6, 187–196.
KLEMM, W. R. 1971. Neurophysiologic studies of the immobility reflex (“animal hypnosis”). In S. Ehrenpreis & O. C. Solnitzky (Eds.), Neurosciences research, Volume 4. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 165–212.
KLEMM, W. R. 1972. Effects of electrical stimulation of brainstem reticular formation on hippocampal theta rhythm and muscle activity in unanesthetized, cervical and mid-brain-transected rats. Brain Research, 41, 331–344.
KLEMM, W. R. 1972. Identity of sensory and motor systems that are critical in the immobility reflex (“animal hypnosis”). Paper presented at the Southeastern Regional Meeting of the Animal Behavior Society, Blacksburg, Va., May.
KLEMM, W. R. 1974. A new, chronic experimental procedure for electro graphic study of neuropharmacological mechanisms. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, St. Louis, October.
KLEMM, W. R. 1976. Identity of sensory and motor systems that are critical to the immobility reflex (“animal hypnosis”). Journal of Neuroscience Research, 2, 57–69.
KLEMM, W. R. 1976. Use of the immobility reflex (“animal hypnosis”) in neuropharmacological studies. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 4, 85–94.
KLEMM, W. R., & DREYFUS, L. R. 1975. Septal- and caudate-induced behavioral inhibition in relation to hippocampal EEG of rabbits. Physiology and Behavior, 15 (5), 561–567.
KLEMM, W. R., MCBRIDE, R. L., & MCGRAW, C. P. 1968. Brain systems controlling the motor inhibition of animal hypnosis. Federation Proceedings, 27, 374. (Abstract.)
KLEMM, W. R., & MCGREGOR, K. 1972. Epinephrine potentiates immobility response in frogs. Unpublished manuscript. (Cited in Klemm, 1972, Blacksburg meeting.)
KLINE, M. V. (Ed.) 1963. Clinical correlations of experimental hypnosis. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas. (See pp. 161–162 for brief discussion.)
KLOPFER, F. D. 1972. Conditioning and extinction of fear under animal hypnosis. Paper presented at the Southeastern Regional Meeting of the Animal Behavior Society, Blacksburg, Va., May.
KOBINGER, W. 1959. Zusammenhang zwischen experimenteller Katatonie und Förderung von tonischen Streckkrämpfen. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archiv für Experimented Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 235, 87–95. (The emphasis here is on bulbocapnin-induced catalepsy.)
KOIDZUMI, K. 1930. On the death feigning instinct of an isopod (Porcelli sp.). Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 20 (107), 83–96. (Text in Japanese; no abstract.)
KOLOSVARY, G. 1935. Beeinflusst der Geschlechtsreiz die physiologische Hypnose des Bombinator pachypus? Folia Zoologica et Hydrobiologica, 8.
KOZHANTSHIKOV, J. 1931. Interrelations between the thanatosis and the central nervous functions in Lochmaea capreae L. Leningrad. Vsesoiûznyi Institut Zashchity Rastenĭ, 3 (1), 233–240. (This journal is also indexed as the Bulletin of Plant Protection.)
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KREIDL, A. 1917. Über das Wesen der tierischen Hypnose und ihren Beziehungen zur menschlichen. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, No. 15, 700–702.
KRETSCHMER, E. 1926. Hysteria. Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph (Series) No. 44. New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Co. (See Chapter 1 for TI and death feigning.)
KRETSCHMER, E. 1941. Medizinische psychologic Leipzig: G. Thieme. 1963: Stuttgart: G. Thieme. (Brief mention of totstellreflexes is made on p. 169 of 1963 edition. There are numerous editions and totstellreflexes are not mentioned in all of them.)
KRETSCHMER, E. 1948. Hysterie, reflex und instinkt (5th edition). Stuttgart: G. Thieme. (Originally published in 1924; 1944 and 1958 are two known edition dates, the latter being the 6th edition.)
KROJANKER, R. J. 1969. Human hypnosis, animal hypnotic states, and the induction of sleep in infants. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 11 (3), 178–179.
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KUMAZAWA, T. 1963. “Deactivation” of the rabbit’s brain by pressure application on the skin. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 15, 660–671.
KUNIN, R. A. 1967. Electroencephalograph studies in animal hypnosis. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 9 (4), 256–261.
LANZA, B. 1967. Reazione di tipo unkenreflex in un urodelo (Salamandrina terdigitata). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 23, 855–857. (Unkenreflex is a rigid U-shaped defensive posture.)
LEFEBVRE, L., & SABOURIN, M. 1974. A response-differential approach to animal hypnosis. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Montreal, October.
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LEFTWICH, D., & MAY, J. G. 1974. Effects of conditioned aversive stimuli presented during tonic immobility in guinea pigs. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 87 (3), 513–516.
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MASER, J. D., GALLUP, G. G., Jr., & GREGOIRE, D. G. 1973. Effect of psychotomimetic drugs on animal hypnosis. Paper presented at the Louisiana Academy of Sciences, Monroe, LA.
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PAVLOV, I. P. 1949. O mekhanizme tak nazivaemogo gipnoza zhivotnikh. Izbranr;e proizvedeniya. Moscow: pp. 264–265. (On the mechanism of so-called “animal nyp-nosis.” This article could not be obtained, but based on page length, title, and title of the book in which it appears, Collected Works Reproduced, it is probably Pavlov’s 1921 article.)
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PEARSON, R. 1972. The avian brain. New York: Academic Press. (TI discussed on pp. 586–587.)
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PETTINGILL, O. S. 1937. Behavior of black skimmers at Cardwell Island, Virginia. Auk, 54, 237–244.
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PREYER, W. T. 1881. Die Entdeckung des Hypnotismus. Nebst einer ungedruckten Original-Abhandlungen von Braid in Deutscher Uebersetzung. Berlin: Gebruder Paetel. (See pp. 41–43 for a section on “fascination.” Coined term “cataplexia” to denote TI.)
PREYER, W. T. 1887. Über die Bewegungen der Seesterne. Naples Stazione Zoologica. Mitteilungen, 7.
PULVER, S. E. 1967. Book review of Chertok’s Hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 15 (1), 44–45. (“For example, Chertok subscribes to a psychophysiological view of hypnosis. In attempting to trace the development of the physiological aspect, he attaches more importance (and worse, devotes more space) to animal hypnosis than would generally be thought to be warranted. Furthermore, his concept of animal hypnosis as ‘regressive behaviour characterized by immobility’ (p. 46) is unconvincing. Regression to what? Even in the womb guinea pig fetuses are not noted for their immobility, and certainly not in their later states of development.”
RABAUD, É. 1916. Généralite du reflexe d’immobilisation chez les arthropodes. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances et Mémoires de la Société de Biologie, 79, 823–826.
RABAUD, É. 1916. Immobilisation réflexe et immobilité’ simple chez les arthropodes. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances et Memoires de la Société de Biologie, 79, 930–934.
RABAUD, É. 1916. Nature et mécanisme de l’immobilisation réflexe des arthropodes. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances et Mémoires de la Société de Biologie, 79, 826–829.
RABAUD, É. 1916. Le phenomene de la “simulation de la mort.” Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances et Memoires de la Societe de Biologie, 79, 74–77.
RABAUD, É. 1916. La “simulation de la mort” chez les vertébrés. Societe Zoologique de France, Bulletin, 41, 117–124.
RABAUD, É. 1917. Rôle de divers ganglions nerveux dans l’immobilisation réflexe. Bulletin Société Zoologique de France, 42, 158–166.
RABAUD, É. 1917. L’immobilisation réflexe des Arthropodes par renversement simple. Bulletin Société Zoologique de France, 42, 140–145.
RABAUD, É. 1919. L’immobilisation reflexe et l’activité normale des Arthropodes. Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique, 53, 1–149.
RABAUD, É., & VERRIER, M. L. 1934. L’excitabilité rétinienne et l’immobilisation reflexe chez les ois aux. Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences, Paris, 198, 2280–2282.
RADEMAKER, G. G. J. 1926. Die Bedeutung der roten Kerne und des übrigen Mittelhirns für Muskeltonus, Körper Stellung und labyrinthreflexe. Berlin: J. Springer.
RAND, A. L. 1941. Development and enemy recognition of the curve-billed thrasher (Toxostoma curvirostre). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 78, 213–242.
RAND, A. S. 1954. A defense display in the salamander Ambysoma jeffersonianum. Copeia, 223–224.
RAPSON, W. S., & JONES, T. C. 1964. Restraint of rabbits by hypnosis. Laboratory Animal Care, 14, 131–133.
RATNER, S. C. 1958. Hypnotic reactions of rabbits. Psychological Reports, 4, 209–210.
RATNER, S. C. 1967. Comparative aspects of hypnosis. In J. E. Gordon (Ed.), Handbook of clinical and experimental hypnosis. New York: Macmillan. Pp. 550–587.
RATNER, S. C., & DENNY, M. R. 1964. Comparative psychology. Homewood, Ill.: The Dorsey Press.
RATNER, S. C., & THOMPSON, R. W. 1960. Immobility reactions (fear) of domestic fowl as a function of age and prior experience. Animal Behaviour, 8, 186–191.
RAU, P., & RAU, N. 1916. The sleep of insects; an ecological study. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 9 (3), 227–274.
RAUN, G. G. 1962. Observations on behavior of newborn hognosed snakes, Heterodon p. platyrhinos. Texas Journal of Science, 14(1), 3–6.
REESE, N. C. 1975. The effects of prior experience with conspecifics on duration of the immobility reflex (IR) in White Leghorn chickens. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattisburg.
REGAN, C. T. 1906. On the fresh-water fishes of the island of Trinidad, based on the collection, notes, and sketches made by Mr. Lechmere Guppy, Jr. Proceedings of the Zoological Society (London), 1, 378–392. (See p. 391 for a death-feigning description of the King or Black Cascarob (Polycentrusschomburgkii Mull. & Trosch.).)
REIMER, W. J. 1958. Variation and systematic relationships within the salamander genus Taricha. University of Calif ornia Publications in Zoology, 56, 301–390.
REISINGER, L. 1915. Über das “Totstellen” der Käfer. Entomologische Blätter für Biologie und Systematik der Käfer, 11, 43-.
REISINGER, L. 1926. Hypnose des Steinkauses. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 46 (10), 630–631. (Hypnosis of screech owls.)
REISINGER, L. 1926. Hypnose der vögel. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 66, 227–230.
REISINGER, L. 1927. Hypnose des Flusskrebses. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 47, 722–726. (Hypnosis of crayfish.)
REISINGER, L. 1928. Katalepsie der indischen Stabheuschrecke, Dixippus morosus. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 48 (3), 162–167. (Catalepsy in the Indian walking-stick.)
REISINGER, L. 1929. Die tierische Hypnose. Der Vogelliebhaber.
REISINGER, L. 1932. Hypnose der Vögel. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 52, 420–429.
RICHET, C. 1883. Deux experiences d’inhibition sur la grenouille et quelques autres traits relative á l’inhibition. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances et Memoires de la Société de Biologie, Paris, 35, 456–459.
RICHET, C. 1897. Catalepsie. In C. Richet (Ed.), Dictionnaire de Physiologie (Vol. 2). Paris: F. Alcan. Pp. 497–503.
RICHET, C. 1897. Hypnotisme chez les animaux. In C. Richet (Ed.), Dictionnaire de Physiologie (Vol. 2). Paris: F. Alcan. P. 766.
RICHTER, C. P. 1958. The phenomenon of unexplained sudden death in animals and man. In W. H. Gantt (Ed.), Physiological bases of psychiatry. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas. Pp. 112–125.
RIJLANT, P. 1933. Le tonus musculaire chez un mammifère en état d’hypnose. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances et Memoires de la Société de Biologie, 113, 421–424. (Muscle tonus in a mammal in the state of hypnosis.)
RIJLANT, P. 1933. Etude chez la poule des activities toniques et contractiles du muscle strié pendant l’hypnose. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances et Memoires de la Société de Biologie, 113, 417–421. (Studies in the chicken of tonic and contractile activities from striate muscle while in hypnosis.)
RILEY, C. F. C. 1912. Observations on the ecology of dragon-fly nymphs. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 5, 273–292.
RILEY, C. F. C. 1921. Responses of the large Waterstrider Gerris remigis Say. to contact and light. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 14, 231–289.
RIVERS, W. H. R. 1920. Instinct and the unconscious: A contribution to a biological theory of the psycho-neuroses. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
ROBERTSON, T. B. 1904. On the sham-death reflex in spiders. Journal of Physiology, 31, 410-.
ROBIMARGA, V. 1926. Contribua alio studio dell ipnosi in alcuni animali domestici. Perugia Università Facoltà di Mediana e Chirurgia Annali, 18.
ROBIN, P. A. 1932. Animal lore in English literature. London: John Murray. (On p. 16 is an illustration of “The Fox Feigning Death, from a 12th Century drawing. It was found originally in manuscript li.4.26 in the University Library, Cambridge, and reproduced from facsimilies in A Beastiary of the Twelfth Century, Edited by M. R. James, by kind permission of the Roxburghe Club.”)
RODE, R. 1930. Observations sur le phénomène d’immobilisation réflexe chez la chouette chevêche, Athene noctua Scop. Société Zoologique de France. Bulletin, 55, 451–454.
ROMANES, G. J. 1891. Mental evolution in animais. New York: D. Appleton & Co. (See pp. 303–316. Included in the book is a Posthumous Essay on Instinct by Charles Darwin, which (see pp. 363–364) is related to death feigning and TI)
ROSEN, T. S. 1971. Effect of conditioned fear on the immobility reaction in chickens (Gallus gallus). Unpublished master’s thesis, Tulane University.
ROVEE, C. K. 1975. Early stimulation and determinants of immobility. Paper presented at the meeting of the Southwestern Psychological Association, Houston.
ROVEE, C. K. 1976. The effects of differential pursuit and hunger-induced arousal on death feigning in young chicks. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis. (Dr. Rovee does not distinguish between TI and death feigning. It is a theoretical preference, since the procedures used in her laboratory clearly involve manual restraint; personal communication, September 30, 1976.)
ROVEE, C. K., AGNELLO, A. M., & SMITH, B. 1973. Environmental influences on tonic immobility in three- and seven-day-old chicks (Gallus gallus). The Psychological Record, 23, 539–546.
ROVEE, C. K., CHIAPPERELLI, W. J., & KAUFMAN, L. W. In press. The influence of altered lighting regimes on the periodicity of death feigning. Physiology and Behavior. (Publication based on Chiapperelli & Kaufman, 1976.)
ROVEE, C. K., & KAUFMAN, L. W. 1975. Diurnal periodicity of tonic immobility in young chicks in LL and LD 12:12 on constant and random care schedules. Paper presented at the 12th International Conference of the International Society of Chronobiology, Washington, D.C.
ROVEE, C. K., KAUFMAN, L. W., COLLIER, G. H., & KENT, G. C, Jr. In press. Periodicity of death feigning by domestic fowl in response to simulated prédation. Physiology and Behavior.
ROVEE, C. K., KAUFMAN, L. W., & LELEK, S. 1976. Arousal-induced changes in the amplitude of death-feigning periodicity. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis.
ROVEE, C. K., & KLEINMAN, J. M. 1974. Developmental changes in tonic immobility in young chicks (Gallus gallus). Developmental Psychobiology, 7, 71–77.
ROVEE, C. K., & LUCIANO, D. P. 1973. Rearing influences on tonic immobility in three-day-old chicks (Gallus gallus). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 83 (2), 351–354.
RUCKEBUSCH, Y. 1963. De la physiologie à la psycho-physiologie animale. Les Cahiers de Médecine Véterinaire, 32 (2), 37–84.
RUCKEBUSCH, Y. 1964. Etude electrophysiologique et comportementale de l’immobilisation reflexe, chez les petits ruminants. Revue de Médecine Véterinaire, CXV, 793–808.
RUJKA, T. 1938. Beitrage zu den biologischen Grundlagen des Zusammenhanges zwischer reflektorischer immobilization und Angstzuständen. Rivista di Biologia (Perugia), 26, 317–342.
SABOURIN, M. E., LEFEBVRE, L., & DUPUIS, G. 1975. Habituation of tonic immobility in the rabbit. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago.
SALZEN, E. A. 1963. Imprinting and the immobility reactions of domestic fowl. Animal Behaviour, 11, 66–71.
SARGEANT, A. B. 1975. Tonic immobility as an anti-predator defense mechanism. Paper presented at the meeting of the Southwestern Psychological Association, Houston.
SARGEANT, A. B., & EBERHARDT, L. E. 1975. Death feigning by ducks in response to prédation by red foxes (Vulpes fulva). American Midland Naturalist, 94, 108–119.
SAVVATEEV, V. B. 1959. Vliianie izmeneniia sutochnogo ritma na sostoianie funktsionalnykh svoistv nervnoi sistemy kur. Zhurnal vysshei nervnoi deiatelnosti imeni I. P. Pavlovaw, 9, 776–781. (Effect of the modification of the day-and-night rhythm on the functional properties of the hen’s nervous system.)
SAVY, A. Deuxième trimestre 1969. Tous les secrets de l’hypnotisme, du magnetisme et de la suggestion. (See pp. 38–40 for TI discussion. This appears to be a private printing on mimeograph paper and was found, by chance, in the U.S. Library of Congress.)
SAXENA, S. C. 1957. An experimental study of thanatosis in Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille). Journal of the Zoological Society of India, 9 (2), 192–199.
SAY, T. 1819. Notes on herpetology. American Journal of Science, 1, 256–265. (Piatt, 1969, cites this as the first description of the defensive reactions of the hognosed snake.)
SCHAEFER, J. C. 1921. Über den Lagerreflextonus von Raja clavata. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 41.
SCHAEPPI, U., & RUBIN, P. H. 1965. Effects of chlorpromazine upon induced periods of tonic immobility in rabbits. International Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 1 (1), 71–75.
SCHILDER, P. 1922. Uber das Wesen der Hypnose. Berlin: Springer. Reprinted in English, 1956: The nature of hypnosis, Part I. New York: International Universities Press. Pp. 7–41.
SCHILDER, P., & KAUDERS, O. 1926. Lehrbuch der hypnose. Berlin: Springer. Reprinted in English, 1956: The nature of hypnosis, Part II. New York: International Universities Press. Pp. 45–184.
SCHILDER, P., & KAUDERS, O. 1927. Hypnosis. Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph Series, No. 46, 118. New York and Washington: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Co.
SCHJELDERUP-EBBE, T. 1923. Das Leben der Wildente in der Zeit der Paarung. Psychologische Forschung, 3, 12–17.
SCHLEIP, W. 1910. Der Farbwechsel von Dixippus morosus. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abt. für Allgemeine Zoologie und Physiologie der Tiere, 30, 45 -
SCHLEIP, W. 1921. Uber den Einfluss des Lichtes auf die Färbung von Dixippus und die Frage der Erblichkeit des erworbenen Farbklaides. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 53, 151–160.
SCHMIDT, B. 1930. Aus der Welt des Tieres. Berlin.
SCHMIDT, K. P., & INGER, R. F. 1957. Living reptiles of the world. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co.
SCHMIDT, P. 1913. Catalepsy in Phasmidae. Knowledge, 36, 333–334. (Studied Carausius morosus Br. v. W. — an orthopteron of the family Phasmidae.)
SCHMIDT, P. 1913. Katalepsie der phasmiden. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 33, 193–207.
SCHNECK, J. M. 1950. Hypnoanalytic elucidation of the hypnosis-death concept. Psychiatric Quarterly, Supplement, 24, 286–289.
SCHNECK, J. M. 1951. Unconscious relationship between hypnosis and death. Psychoanalytic Review, 38, 271–275.
SCHOENICHEN, W. 1903. Der Scheintod als Schutzmittel des Lebens. Odenkirchen: Breitenbach.
SCHULTZ, J. H. 1937. Das autogene Training. Leipzig: Thieme.
SCHULTZ, J. H. 1959. Técnicade la hipnosis. Buenos Aires: E. Vazquez.
SCHWANGART, F. 1940. Aus der Psychologie der Reptilien. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 4, 149–162.
SCHWARTZ, B. E., & BICKFORD, R. G. 1956. Electroencephalographic changes in animals under the influence of hypnosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 124 (5), 433–439. (Studied frogs and guinea pigs.)
SCHWENTER, D. 1636. Deliciae physico-mathematicae. Nurnberg: J. Dumler. (Later printings were in 1653 and 1677 under the title “Deliciae physico-mathematicae” oder “Mathematische und philosophische Erquickstunden.” This is the first printed report of TI. In Vogel & Ther (1963) part of the original is reproduced. The “free” translation below is from that reproduction. “To tame a totally wild hen so that it will be immobile and in great fear: Would you like a strange amusement to pass away the time? If so, take a hen without any special characteristics, place her on a table, holding the beak against the surface. Take a piece of chalk and draw a line the length of the beak, continuing a strong line on the table’s surface. Leave her alone and she will sit scared and immobile, watching the line without moving her eyes. If the observers stand very still, the hen will not fly away. The same thing will happen when one holds her tightly against the table and covers her eyes with a blindfold.”)
SCOTTI DE CAROLIS, A., CARRUYO, L., & LONGO, V. G. 1969. Pharmacological and electroencephalographic data on animal hypnosis. In A. Cerletti & F. J. Bové (Eds.), The present status of psychotropic drugs: Pharmacological and clinical aspects. Proceedings of the VI International Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuro-psychopharmacologicum, Tarragona, Spain, 24–27 April, 1968. Amsterdam: Excerpta MedicaFoundation. Pp. 98–105.
SELOUS, E. 1927. Realities of bird life, being extracts from the diaries of a life-loving naturalist. London: Constable & Co.
SEVERIN, H. H. P., & SEVERIN, H. C. 1911. An experimental study of the death-feigning of Belostoma (Zaitha Aucct.) flumineum Say and Nepa apiculata Uhler. Animal Behavior Monographs, 1 (3), 1–44.
SEVERIN, H. H. P., & SEVERIN, H. C. 1911. Habits of Belostoma (Zaitha) flumineum Say and Nepa apiculata Uhler, with observations on other closely related aquatic Hemiptera. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 19, 99–108. (Death feigning in the giant water bug.)
SEXTUS, C. 1893. Hypnotism: Its facts, theories, and related phenomena, with explanatory anecdotes, descriptions and reminiscences. Chicago: Carl Sextus. Reprinted 1957: Hollywood, Calif.: Wilshire Book Co. (See pp. 20–25 for animal hypnosis section. Also drawings of a hunter hypnotizing (charming) a snake and of a lobster and chicken in the “cataleptic state.” See p. 131 for an illustration of “The Morrish horse fascinator hypnotizing the horse.” On p. 136, “The experiment of Father Kircher, in 1646, with the hen which lay motionless on the ground when a long chalk-line was drawn from her bill, has often been repeated. To the same class of phenomena belong all kinds of charming by the eyes or fascination—as when the snake charmer by his eye tames serpents, or when snakes paralyze frogs and other small animals.”)
SIDIS, B. 1908. An experimental study of sleep. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 3, 1–32.
SIDIS, B. 1921. Symptomatology, psychogenesis, and diagnosis of psychopathic diseases. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingston.
SILVA, E., ESTABLE, R., & SEGUNDO, J. P. 1959. Further observations of animal hypnosis. Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 97, 167–177.
SIMONOV, P. V. 1954. Eksperimental’noye issledovaniye uslovnoreflektornogo sna zhyvotnykh (krolikov). Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova (Moskva), 4 (4), 551–557. (Experimental study of sleep, evoked by conditioned reflexes in animals (rabbits).)
SIMONOV, P. V. 1963. Complex motor unconditioned reflexes in decerebrate rabbits. In E. Sutman & P. Hink (Eds.), Central and peripheral mechanisms of motor functions. Prague: Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. Pp. 44–51.
SIMONOV, P. V., & PAIKIN, D. I. 1969. The role of emotional stress in the hypnotization of animals and man. In L. Chertok (Ed.), Psychophysical mechanisms of hypnosis. New York: Springer-Verlag. Pp. 67–87.
SMIEŠKOVA, A., & SVORAD, D. 1967. Vztah Medzi Paradoxnym Spánkom a hypnozou Zvierat. Československá Fysiologie, 16, 31.
SMITH, G. W., & KLEMM, W. R. In press. The fear hypothesis revisited: Other variables affecting duration of the immobility reflex (“animal hypnosis”). Behavioral Biology.
SMITH, P. W. 1961. The amphibians and reptiles of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey, 28 (1), 1–298.
SOMMER, R. 1925. Tierpsychologie. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer.
SPIEGEL, E. A., & GOLDBLOOM, A. A. 1925. Die innervation der Körperhaltung im Zustande der sogenannten hypnose bei Säugetieren. Pflüger’s Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere, 207, 361–369.
STEINBERG, H. 1964. Animal behaviour and drug action. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. (Discussion by M. Hamilton, R. E. Edward & P. A. J. Janssen on p. 436.)
STEINIGER, F. 1933. Eine besondere Form von Bewegungslosigkeit bei Insekten. Natur und Museum, 63.
STEINIGER, F. 1933. Die Erscheinungen der Katalepsie bei Stabheuschrecken und Wasserläufern. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere, 26, Abteilung A, 591–708.
STEINIGER, F. 1933. Katalepsie und visuelle Anpassung bei Phyllium. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökolgie der Tiere, 28, 1–51. (Catalepsy and visual adaptation in the leaf insect, Phyllium bioculatum.)
STEINIGER, F. 1934. Schutzstellung und akinetische Erscheinungen bei einigen Spinnen. Zeitschrift für Zoologie und Ornithologie, 145, 361.
STEINIGER, F. 1935. Über Reaktionshemmung bei Vögeln. Ornithologische Monatsberichte, 43, 216.
STEINIGER, F. 1935. Über Schutzstellung bei einheimischen Spinnen. Forschungen und Fortschritte, 11, 25–26.
STEINIGER, F. 1936. Die Biologie der sogenannte “tierischen Hypnose”. Ergebnisse der Biologie, 13, 348–451. (The biology of so-called “animal hypnosis.”)
STEINIGER, F. 1936. Die Katalepsie von Nepa cinerea L. Biologia Generalis (Wien), 12, 49–68.
STEINIGER, F. 1936. Neue beobachtungen über Reaktionshemmung (sog. “tierische Hypnose”) bei Vögeln. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 56, 116–147.
STEINIGER, F. 1937. Die biologische Bedeutung der “tierischen Hypnose” bei Vögeln. Journal für Ornithologie, 85, 593–603.
STEINIGER, F. 1937. Tierische Hypnose, Sich-Drücken und Abwehrhandlungen bei Vögeln. Naturforscher, 14, 235.
STEINIGER, F. 1938. Ist eine tierpsychologische Betrachtung der sog. tierischen Hypnose berechtigt? Journal für Ornithologie, 86, 516–528.
STEINIGER, F. 1938. Warnen und Tarnen im Tierreich. Berlin: Lichterfelde.
STEINIGER, F. 1941. Der Einfluss der Zahmheit auf die sogennante “tierische Hypnose” bei Vögeln. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 4, 260–271.
STEINIGER, F. 1941. Eine Erwiderung auf das Buch von Franz Völgyesi, Menschen- und Tierhypnose. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 4, 272–280.
STILLE, G. 1971. Zur Pharmakologie Katatonigener Stoffe. Arzeimittel-Forschung, 21, 252, 386, 528, 650, 800, 997. (This book represents a collection of Stille’s papers published in 1971, volume 21, issues 1-6 of Arzeimittel-Forschung.)
STILLE, G., & SAYERS, A. 1975. Die Immobilisationreaktion der ratte als tierexperimentelles Modell fur die Katatonie. Pharmakopsychiatrie Neuro-Psychopharmakologie, 8 (3), 105–114. (The problem of animal models for psychiatric conditions, as illustrated by the immobilization reaction (catalepsy) in the rat.)
STOCKARD, C. R. 1908. Habits, reaction and mating instincts of the walking stick, Aplopus meyeri. Carnegie Institute, Washington. Papers from the Tortugas Laboratory.
STODDARD, H. L. 1931. The bobwhite quail: Its habits, preservation, and increase. New York: Scribners.
STOKES, A. W. 1967. Behavior of the Bobwhite, Colinus virginianus. Auk, 84, 1–33.
STRATTON, L. O., & KASTIN, A. J. 1976. Melanocyte stimulating hormone and MSH/ACTH 4–10 reduce tonic immobility in the lizard. Physiology and Behavior, 16, 771–774.
STRESEMANN, E. 1934. Aves. In E. Stresemann (Ed.), Handbuch der Zoologie, Vol. 7. Berlin: Gruyter & Co.
STRODER, J. 1938. Über den Einfluss der “tierischen hypnose” auf den Ablauf der Narkose am Kaltblüter. Schmerz-Narkose-Anesthesie, 11, 82–84.
SUNKEL, W. 1910. Zur Verstellungskunst der Vogel. Ornithologische Monatsberichte, 35.
SUTHERLAND, G. F., & CURTIS, Q. F. 1938. Myotonia congenita in the goat. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology, New York, 38, 460.
SVORAD, D. 1954. Beitrag zum physiologischen Studium der reflexhemmung (der sog. tierischen hypnose). Analyse der zur Auslosung der Reflexhemmung angewandten Reize. Physiologia Bohemoslovenica, 3, 217–233. (Contribution to the physiological study of reflex inhibition (the so-called animal hypnosis). Analysis of the stimuli applied to achieve reflex inhibition.) This title also appears in a Czech journal as, 1954: Přiśpevek k fysiologickému studiu reflexniho útlumu (t. zv. zuiřecí hypnosy). Analysa podnětů, použitých k vybaveni reflexního útlumu. Československá Fysiologie, 2, 203–217.
SVORAD, D. 1954. The mechanism of the reflex inhibition in the aspect of evolution. Physiologia Bohemoslovenica, 3, 406–413. Also, 1954: Evolucni aspekt na mechanismus reflexniho utlumu. Československá Fysiologie, 3 (4), 368–377.
SVORAD, D. 1954. A physiological analysis of the mechanisms of reflex inhibition; and Elektroencephalograficka analysa reflexniho utlumu kralika. Disertačni práce. Prague. (Two studies cited by Svorad from his dissertation.)
SVORAD, D. 1954. The task of the vestibular apparatus, the proprioception, and the exteroception of the skin at the onset and during the state of reflex inhibition. Physiologia Bohemoslovenica, 3, 260–271. Also, 1954: Úloha vestibulárniho analysátoru, propriocepce a kožni exterocepce při uzniku a trváni reflexniho útlumu. Ceskoslovenská Fysiologie, 3, 243–253.
SVORAD, D. 1955. Electroencephalographic analysis of the mechanism of paroxysmal inhibition on an experimental model. Physiologia Bohemoslovenica, 4, 86–97. This appears to be the same article as 1955: Elektroencefalograficka analysa mechanismu paroxysmalniho útlumu na experimentalnim modelu. Československá Fysiologie, 4, 57–68.
SVORAD, D. 1955. Ovlivněni reflexniho útlumu dráždénim a vyŕazenim telereceptorů na různých fylogenetických stupnich. Československá Fysiologie, 4, 45–56. Also published in German, 1955: Die Beeinflussung der Reflexhemmung durch Reizung und Ausschaltung der Telerezeptoren auf veschiedenen phylogenetischen Stufen. Physiologia Bohemoslovenica, 4, 155–159. (Influencing reflex inhibition through stimulation and inactivating of teloreceptors on different phylogenetic levels.)
SVORAD, D. 1956., Otázce testu záchvatové pohotovosti. I. sjezd Čs. Neurologů s Mezinárodní Účastí. (Souhrny sděleni.) Paper presented at the First Conference of Czecholoslovak Neurologists, with International Participation. Joint reports. Held in Jeseník-Lázně.
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Maser, J.D., Gallup, G.G. Tonic Immobility and Related Phenomena: A Partially Annotated, Tricentennial Bibliography, 1636–1976. Psychol Rec 27 (Suppl 1), 177–217 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03394440
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03394440