References
ARMSTRONG, E. A. 1942. Bird display. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
CHERTOK, L. 1967. Animal hypnosis. In M. W. Fox (Ed.), Abnormal behavior in animals. Philadelphia: Saunders.
CRANE, J. 1952. A comparative study of innate defensive behavior in Trinidad mantids (Orthoptera, Mantodea). Zoologica, 37, 259–293.
CROZIER, W. J., & FEDERIGHI, H. 1923. On the character of central nervous processes. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 21, 56–57.
DENNY, M. R., & RATNER, S. C. 1970. Comparative psychology (Rev. ed.). Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey.
GILMAN, T. T., & MARCUSE, F. L. 1949. Animal hypnosis. Psychological Bulletin, 46, 151–165.
GUNTER, G., & McCAUGHAN, D. 1959. Catalepsy in two common marine animals. Science, 130, 1194–1195.
HOAGLAND, H. 1927. The mechanism of tonic immobility (“animal hypnosis”). Journal of General Psychology, 1, 427–447.
HOLMES, S. J. 1903. Death feigning in terrestrial amphipods. Biological Bulletin, 4, 191–196.
HOLMES, S. J. 1906. Death-feigning in Ranatra. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 16, 200–216.
KLEMM, W. R. 1971. Neurophysiologic studies of the immobility reflex (“animal hypnosis”). In S. Ehrenpreis & O. C. Solnitzky (Eds.), Neurosciences research (Vol. 4). New York: Academic Press.
MANGOLD, F. 1914. Hypnose and Katalepsie bei tieren. Jena: Fischer.
PARKER, G. H. 1923. The excretion of carbon dioxide by relaxed and contracted sea anemones. Journal of General Physiology, 5, 45–64.
RATNER, S. C. 1967. Comparative aspects of hypnosis. In J. E. Gordon (Ed.), Handbook of clinical and experimental hypnosis. New York: Macmillan.
RATNER, S. C. 1976. Animals’ defenses: Fighting in predator-prey relations. In P. Pliner, T. M. Alloway, & L. Krames (Eds.), Advances in the study of communication and affect: II. Nonverbal communication of aggression. New York: Plenum.
ROBERTSON, T. B. 1904. On the “sham-death” reflex in spiders. Journal of Physiology, 31, 410–417.
SEGAL, E., & GROSS, W. J. 1967. Physiological adaptation. Boston: Biological Science Curriculum Study Committee.
TENCATE, J. 1927. Nouvelles observations sur l’hypnose dite animale. Etat d’hypnose chez octopus vulgaris. Archives Neerlandaises de Physiologie de l’Homme et des Animaux, 13, 402–406.
VOLGYESI, F. A. 1966. Hypnosis of man and animals (2nd rev. ed.). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
WARDEN, C. J., JENKINS, T. N., & RARNER, L. H. 1940. Comparative psychology: Plants and invertebrates. New York: Ronald.
WIGGLESWORTH, V. B. 1965. The principles of insect physiology (6th ed.). London: Methuen.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ratner, S.C. Immobility of Invertebrates: What Can We Learn?. Psychol Rec 27 (Suppl 1), 1–13 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03394429
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03394429