Skip to main content
Log in

Culture and mental retardation

  • Articles
  • Published:
The Psychological Record Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. ANASTASI, A. Psychological testing. New York: McMillan, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  2. ASHER, E. J. The inadequacy of current intelligence tests for testing Kentucky Mountain children. J. genet. Psychol., 1935, 46, 480–486.

    Google Scholar 

  3. AXLINE, V. M. Mental deficiency, symptom or disease. J. consult. Psychol., 1949, 13, 313– 327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. BAKER, H. C, WRIGHT, B. A., MEYERSON, L., & GONICK, M. R. Adjustment to physical handicap and illness: A survey of the social psychology of physique and disability. New York: Social Science Research Council, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  5. BAKWIN, M. Loneliness in infants. Amer. J. Dis. Child., 1942, 63, 30–40.

    Google Scholar 

  6. BALDWIN, B. T. The physical growth of children from birth to maturity. Univer. Iowa Stud. Child Welf., 1921, 1, No. 1.

  7. BECK, H. S. The incidence of brain injury in public school classes for the educable mentally handicapped. Amer. J. ment. Defic., 1956, 60, 818–822.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. BENDA, C. E. The familial imbecile or oligo-encephaly as a morbid entity. Amer. J. ment. Defic., 1944, 49, 32–42.

    Google Scholar 

  9. BENDA, C. E., & FARRELL, M. J. Psychopathology of mental deficiency in children. In Hoch, P. H., & Zubin, J. (Eds.) Psychopathology of childhood. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1955, Pp. 56–81.

    Google Scholar 

  10. BOBROFF, A. A survey of social and civic participation of adults formerly in classes for mentally retarded. Amer. J. ment. Defic., 1956, 61.

  11. BRADLEY, C. Organic factors in psychopathology of childhood. In Hoch, P. H., & Zubin, J. (Eds.) Psychopathology of childhood. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1955, Pp. 82–104.

    Google Scholar 

  12. BRADWAY, K. P. Paternal occupational intelligence and mental deficiency. J. appl. Psychol., 1935, 19, 527–542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. BRUECKNER, L. J., & GROSSNICKLE, F. E. Making arithmetic meaningful. Chicago: John C. Winston Co., 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  14. CANTOR, G. N. Mental deficiency: scientific progress and theoretical confusion. Contemp. Psychol., 1957, 2, 180–182.

    Google Scholar 

  15. CHARLES, D. C. Ability and accomplishment of persons earlier judged mentally deficient. Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 1953, 47, 3–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. COLLMAN, R. D., & NEWLYN, D. Employment success of educationally subnormal ex-pupils in England. Amer. J. ment. Defic., 1956, 60, 733–743.

    Google Scholar 

  17. COLLMAN, R. D., & NEWLYN, D. Leisure activities of educationally subnormal and other ex-pupils in England. Amer. J. ment. Defic., 1957, 62, 464–469.

    Google Scholar 

  18. COMBS, A. W. Intelligence from a perceptual point of view. J. abnorm. soc Psychol., 1952, 47, 662–673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. DAVIS, K. Extreme social isolation of a child. Amer. J. Sociol., 1940, 45, 554–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. DiMICHAEL, S. G. Vocational rehabilitation works for the mentally retarded. Personn. Guid. J., 1953, 31, 428–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. DOLL, E. A. Is mental deficiency curable? Amer. J. ment. Defic., 1947; 51, 420–428.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. DUHL, L. J. Mental retardation: A review of mental health implications. Amer. J. ment. Defic., 1957, 62, 5–13.

    Google Scholar 

  23. EBBS, J. H., TISDALL, F. F., & SCOTT, W. A. The influence of prenatal diet on the mother and child. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quart., 1942, 20, 35–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. EBBS, J. H., BROWN, A., TISDALL, F. F., MOYLE, W. J., & BELL, M. The influence of improved prenatal nutrition upon the infant. Canad. M.A.J., 1942, 6–8.

  25. EDWARDS, A. S., & JONES, L. An experimental and field study of North Georgia mountaineers. J. soc. Psychol., 1938, 9, 317–333.

    Google Scholar 

  26. FERGUSON, R. G. A study of the problem of mental retardation in a large urban community. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 1957, 27, 490–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. FINLAYSON, A. B. Social and economic background of retarded children. J. educ. Sociol., 1941, 15, 38–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. FORD, F. R. Diseases of the nervous system in infancy, childhood, and adolescence. (2nd ed.) Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  29. FREEMAN, F. N., HOLZINGER, K. J., & MITCHELL, B. C. The influence of environment on the intelligence, school achievement and conduct of foster children. Twenty-seventh Year-book of the National Society for the Study of Education. 1928, 1, 101–217.

    Google Scholar 

  30. FROMM, E. H., DUMAS, L., & MARSCHAK, M. Children’s intelligence tests as a measure of dynamic personality functioning. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 1957, 27, 134–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. GARRETT, H. E. Statistics in psychology and education. (4th ed.) New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  32. GESELL, A., & AMATRUDA, C. S. Developmental diagnosis. (2nd ed.) New York: Hoeber, 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  33. GESELL, A. Wolf child and human child. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  34. GINSBERG, E., & BRAY, D. W. The uneducated. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  35. GOLDFARB, W. Variations in adolescent adjustment of institutionally reared children. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 1947, 17, 449–457.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. GOLDFARB, W. Emotional and intellectual consequences of psychologic deprivation in infancy: A revaluation. In Hoch, P. H., & Zubin, J. (Eds). Psychopathology of childhood. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1955, Pp. 105–120.

    Google Scholar 

  37. GOLDFARB, W. Infant rearing and problem behavior. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 1943, 13, 249–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. GOLDFARB, W. The effects of early institutional care on adolescent personality. J. exp. Educ., 1943, 12, 106–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. GOLDFARB, W. Infant rearing as a factor in foster home placement. Amer, J. Orthopsychiat., 1944, 14, 162–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. GOLDFARB, W. Effects of psychological deprivation in infancy and subsequent stimulation. Amer. J. Psychiat., 1945, 102, 18–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. GOLDFARB, W. Psychological deprivation in infancy and subsequent adjustment. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 1945, 15, 247–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. GOODENOUGH, F. H., & MAURER, K. M. The mental growth of children from two to fourteen years: a study of the predictive value of the Minnesota Preschool Scales. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  43. GORDON, H. Mental and scholastic tests among retarded children: An inquiry into the effects of schooling on the various tests. Educ. Pamphlets Bd. Educ., London: 1923, No. 44.

  44. GOUGH, H. G. The relationship of socio-economic status to personality inventory and achievement test scores. J. educ. Psychol., 1946, 37, 527–540.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. HARRIS, A. J. How to increase reading ability. (3rd ed.) New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  46. HAVIGHURST, R. J., & BREESE, F. H. Relation between ability and social status in a mid-western community. III. Primary mental abilities. J. educ. Psychol., 1947, 38, 241–247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. HERRICK, V. E. What is already known about the relation of the IQ to cultural background? In Eells, K., Davis, A., et al. Intelligence and cultural differences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951, Pp. 10–15.

    Google Scholar 

  48. HONZIK, M. P., MacFARLANE, J. W., & ALLEN, L. The stability of mental test performance between two and eighteen years of age. J. exp. Educ., 1948, 18, 309–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. ITARD, J. M. G. The wild boy of Aveyron. (Trans, by C. & M. Humphrey) New York: Appleton-Century, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  50. JENSEN, M. B. Reading deficiency as related to cerebral injury and to neurotic behavior. J. appl. Psychol., 1943, 27, 535–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. KENNEDY, R. J. R. The social adjustment of morons in a Connecticut city. Hartford: Mansfield-Southbury Social Service, 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  52. KLINEBERG, O. Negro intelligence and selective migration. New York: Columbia University Press, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  53. KUGELMASS, I. N. The management of mental deficiency in children. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  54. LEVINSON, B. M. Rethinking the selection of intellectually gifted children. Psychol. Rep., 1956, 2, 127–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. LEWIS, E. O. Mental deficiency and social medicine. J. ment. Sci., 1948, 258–265.

  56. McGEHEE, W., & LEWIS, W. D. The socio-economic status of the homes of mentally superior and retarded children and the occupational rank of their parents. J. genet. Psychol., 1942, 60, 375–380.

    Google Scholar 

  57. MERRILL, M. A. The significance of IQ’s on the Revised Stanford Binet Scale. J. educ. Psychol., 1938, 29, 641–651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. MUENCH, G. A. A follow-up of mental defectives after eighteen years. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1944, 39, 407–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. PENROSE, L. S. The biology of mental defect. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  60. PHELPS, H. Postschool adjustment of mentally retarded children. Except. Child., 1956, 23, 58–62; 91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. PRESSEY, S. L., & KUHLEN, R. O. Psychological development through the life span. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  62. ROBERTS, J. A. F. The genetics of mental deficiency. Eugen. Rev., 1952, 44, 71–83.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. SCHILDER, P. Congenital alexia and its relation to optic perception. J. genet. Psychol., 1944, 65, 67–88.

    Google Scholar 

  64. SILLER, J. Socio-economic status and conceptual thinking. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1957, 55, 365–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. SKEELS, H. M., & FILMORE, N. A. Mental development of children from underprivileged homes. J. genet. Psychol., 1937, 50, 427–439.

    Google Scholar 

  66. SKEELS, H. M., & DYE, H. B. A study of the effects of differential stimulation on mentally retarded children. Proc. Amer. Ass. Ment. Def., 1939, 44, No. 1, 114–136.

    Google Scholar 

  67. SKODAK, M., & SKEELS, H. M. A final follow-up of one hundred adopted children. J. genet. Psychol., 1949, 75, 85–125.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. SLOAN, W. Some statistics on institutional provisions for the mentally handicapped. Amer. J. ment. Defic., 1955, 59, 380–392.

    Google Scholar 

  69. SONTAG, L. W. Some psychosomatic aspects of childhood. Nerv. Child., 1946, 5, 296–304.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. SPITZ, R. A. The role of ecological factors in emotional development in infancy. Child. Develpm., 1949, 20, 145–156.

    Google Scholar 

  71. SPITZ, R. A. Hospitalism: an inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. In A. Freud, et al (Eds.) The psychoanalytic study of the child. Vol. 1. New York: International Universities Press, 1945, Pp. 53–74.

    Google Scholar 

  72. SPITZ, R. A. Hospitalism: a follow-up report on investigations described in Vol. 1, 1945. In A. Freud, et al. (Eds.) The psychoanalytic study of the child. Vol. II. New York: International Universities Press, 1946, Pp. 113–117.

    Google Scholar 

  73. SPRINGER, N. N. The influence of general social status on the emotional stability of children. J. genet. Psychol., 1938, 53, 321–328.

    Google Scholar 

  74. STAGNER, R. Economic status and personality. Sch. & Soc, 1935, 42, 551–552; 269.

    Google Scholar 

  75. STRAUSS, M. Subcultural variation in Ceylonese mental ability: a study of national character. J. soc. Psychol., 1954, 39, 129–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. TERMAN, L. M., & MERRILL, M. A. Measuring intelligence: a guide to the administration of the new revised Stanford-Binet tests of intelligence. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  77. THOMPSON, C. W., & MAGARET, A. Differential test responses of normals and mental defectives. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1947, 42, 285–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. THORNDIKE, E. L., & WOODYARD, E. Differences within and between communities in the intelligence of children. J. educ. Psychol., 1942, 33, 641–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. TODD, T. W. Atlas of skeletal maturation (hand). St. Louis: Mosby, 1937.

  80. TOMPKINS, W. T. The clinical significance of nutritional deficiencies in pregnancy. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med., 1948, 24, 376–388.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. TOWN, C. H. Familial feeblemindedness. Buffalo: Foster & Stewart, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  82. TREDGOLD, R. F., & SODDY, K. A textbook of mental deficiency. (9th ed.) Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  83. WALLIN, J. E. W. Mental deficiency. Brandon, Vt.: Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  84. WARNER, W. L., HAVIGHURST, R. J., & LOEB, M. B. Who shall be educated? New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  85. WEATHERWAX, J., & BENOIT, E. P. Concrete and abstract thinking in organic and nonorganic mentally retarded children. Amer. J. ment. Defic., 1957, 62, 548–553.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. WECHSLER, D. The measurement of adult intelligence. (3rd ed.) Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1944.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  87. WECHSLER, D. Manual for the Wechsler Adult Scale. New York: Psychological Corp., 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  88. WEINGOLD, J. T. A plan for state and community action. Amer. J. ment. Defic., 1957, 62, 14–25.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Levinson, B.M. Culture and mental retardation. Psychol Rec 8, 27–38 (1958). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03393304

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03393304

Navigation