Abstract
Historically, behavior analysis and trait psychology have had little in common; however, recent developments in behavior analysis bring it closer to one of the core assumptions of the trait approach: the stability of behavior over time and, to a lesser extent, environments. The introduction of the concept of behavioral momentum and, in particular, the development of molar theories have produced some common features and concerns. Behavior-analytic theories of stability provide improved explanations of many everyday phenomena and make possible the expansion of behavior analysis into areas that have been inadequately addressed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allport, G. W. (1931). What is a trait of personality? Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 25, 368–372.
Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
C, Aristotle. (1985). Nichomachean ethics (T. Irwin, Trans.). Indianapolis: Hackett.
Baum, W M. (1994). Understanding behaviorism: Science, behavior, and culture. New York: HarperCollins.
Baum, W M. (2002). From molecular to molar: A paradigm shift in behavior analysis. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 78, 95–118.
Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. A. (1975). A temperament theory of personality development. New York: Wiley.
Caprara, G. V., & Cervone, D. (2000). Personality: Determinants, dynamics, and potentials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2004). Perspectives on personality (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992a). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 653–665.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992b). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1994). Set like plaster? Evidence for the stability of adult personality. In T. Heatherton & J. L. Weinberger (Eds.), Can personality change? (pp. 21–40). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417–440.
Ducharme, J. M., & Worling, D. E. (1994). Behavioral momentum and stimulus fading in the acquisition and maintenance of child compliance in the home. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 639–647.
Duffy, J. (1976). The healers: A history of American medicine. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Epstein, S. (1994). Trait theory as personality theory: Can a part be as great as a whole? Psychological Inquiry, 5, 120–122.
Eysenck, H. J. (1990). Biological dimensions of personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 244–276). New York: Guilford.
Guiley, R. E. (1991). Harper’s encyclopedia of mystical & paranormal experience. San Francisco: Harper Collins.
Hayes, S. C, & Brownstein, A. J. (1986). Mentalism, behavior-behavior relations, and a behavior-analytic view of the purposes of science. The Behavior Analyst, 9, 175–190.
Hayes, S. C, & Brownstein, A. J. (1987). Mentalism, private events, and scientific explanation: A defense of B. F. Skinner’s view. In S. Modgil & C. Modgil (Eds.), B. F. Skinner: Consensus and controversy (pp. 207–218). New York: Falmer.
Heyman, G. M. (1996). Resolving the contradictions of addiction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 19, 561–610.
Hineline, P. N. (1992). A self-interpretive behavior analysis. American Psychologist, 47, 1274–1286.
James, W (1981). Principles of psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1890)
Jung, C. G. (1933). Psychological types. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Kagan, J. (1994). Galen’s prophecy: Temperament in human nature. New York: Basic Books.
Mace, F C, Hock, M. L., Lalli, J. S., West, B. J., Belfiore, P., Pinter, E., et al. (1988). Behavioral momentum in the treatment of noncompliance. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21, 123–141.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Meehl, P. E. (1986). Trait language and behaviorese. In T. Thompson & M. D. Zeiler (Eds.), Analysis and integration of behavioral units (pp. 315–334). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and assessment. New York: Wiley.
Monahan, J., & Hood, G. L. (1976). Psychologically disordered and criminal offenders: Perceptions of their volition and responsibility. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 3, 123–134.
Moore, J. (1983). On molarism and matching. The Psychological Record, 33, 313–336.
Moore, J. (2003). Behavior analysis, mentalism, and the path to social justice. The Behavior Analyst, 26, 181–193.
Nevin, J. A. (1992). An integrative model for the study of behavioral momentum. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 57, 301–306.
Nevin, J. A., & Grace, R. C. (2000). Behavioral momentum and the law of effect. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 73–130.
Pervin, L. A. (1994). A critical analysis of current trait theory. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 103–113.
Rachlin, H. (1992). Teleological behaviorism. American Psychologist, 47, 1371–1382.
Rachlin, H. (1994). Behavior and mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rachlin, H. (1999). Teleological behaviorism. In W. O’Donohue & R. Kitchner (Eds.), Handbook of behaviorism (pp. 195–215). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Rachlin, H. (2000). The science of self-control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Revelle, W (1995). Personality processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 295–328.
Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. E. (1991). The person and the situation: Perspectives of social psychology. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Ryckman, R. M. (2004). Theories of personality (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Skinner, B. F (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan.
Spielberger, C. D., Sydeman, S. J., Owen, A. E., & Marsh, B. J. (1999). Measuring anxiety and anger with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment (2nd ed., pp. 993–1021). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Staddon, J. E. R. (1995, February). On responsibility and punishment. Atlantic Monthly, 275(2), 88–94.
Wechsler, J. (1982). A human comedy: Physiognomy and caricature in 19th century Paris. London: University of Chicago Press.
Wells, S. R. (1866). New physiognomy, or signs of character, as manifested through temperament and external forms, and especially in “the human face divine.” New York: Fowler & Wells.
Wielt, D. B. (2003). Attributions about murderers: The effects of criminal history, psychiatric history, and social status. Unpublished master’s thesis, Connecticut College, New London, CT
Zuriff, G. E. (2002). Philosophy of behaviorism. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 77, 367–371.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
I thank Carol Pilgrim, Jefferson Singer, and the anonymous reviewers for their comments on earlier versions of this article.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vyse, S. Stability over time: Is behavior analysis a trait psychology?. BEHAV ANALYST 27, 43–53 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392091
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392091