Skip to main content
Log in

Understanding complex behavior: The transformation of stimulus functions

  • Published:
The Behavior Analyst Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The transformation of stimulus functions is said to occur when the functions of one stimulus alter or transform the functions of another stimulus in accordance with the derived relation between the two, without additional training. This effect has been demonstrated with a number of derived stimulus relations, behavioral functions, experimental preparations, and subject populations. The present paper reviews much of the existing research on the transformation of stimulus functions and outlines a number of important methodological and conceptual issues that warrant further attention. We conclude by advocating the adoption of the generic terminology of relational frame theory to describe both the derived transformation of stimulus functions and relational responding more generally.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Barnes, D. (1994). Stimulus equivalence and relational frame theory. The Psychological Record, 44, 91–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, D., Browne, M., Smeets, P., & Roche, B. (1995). A transfer of functions and a conditional transfer of functions through equivalence relations in three- to six-year-old children. The Psychological Record, 45, 405–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, D., & Holmes, Y. (1991). Radical behaviorism, stimulus equivalence, and human cognition. The Psychological Record, 41, 19–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, D., & Keenan, M. (1993). A transfer of functions through derived arbitrary and non-arbitrary stimulus relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 59, 61–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes-Holmes, D., & Barnes-Holmes, Y. (2000). Explaining complex behavior: Two perspectives on the concept of generalized operant classes. The Psychological Record, 50, 251–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes-Holmes, D., Hayes, S. C., Dymond, S., & O’Hora, D. (in press). Multiple stimulus relations and the transformation of stimulus functions. In S. C. Hayes, D. Barnes-Holmes, & B. Roche (Eds.), Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. New York: Plenum Press.

  • Barnes-Holmes, D., Healy, O., & Hayes, S. C. (2000). Relational frame theory and the relational evaluation procedure: Approaching human language as derived relational responding. In J. C. Leslie & D. Blackman (Eds.), Experimental and applied analyses of human behavior (pp. 149–180). Reno, NV: Context Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentall, R. P., Dickins, D. W., & Fox, S. R. A. (1993). Naming and equivalence: Response latencies for emergent relations. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46B, 187–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bush, K. M., Sidman, M., & de Rose, T. (1989). Contextual control of emergent equivalence relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 29–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Catania, A. C, Horne, P. J., & Lowe, C. F. (1989). Transfer of function across members of an equivalence class. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 7, 99–110.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carrigan, P. F, & Sidman, M. (1992). Conditional discrimination and equivalence relations: A theoretical analysis of control by negative stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 58, 183–204.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cullinan, V. A., Barnes, D., & Smeets, P. M. (1997). A precursor to the relational evaluation procedure: Analyzing stimulus equiva-lence. The Psychological Record, 48, 121–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Rose, J. C, Mcllvane, W. J., Dube, W. V., Galpin, V. C, & Stoddard, L. T. (1988). Emergent simple discrimination established by indirect relation to differential consequences. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 1–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, M. R., & Hayes, L. J. (1999). A behavioral analysis of dreaming. The Psychological Record, 49, 613–628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dougher, M. J., Augustson, E., Markham, M. R., Greenway, D. E., & Wulfert, E. (1994). The transfer of respondent eliciting and extinction functions through stimulus equivalence classes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 62, 331–352.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dougher, M. J., & Markham, M. R. (1994). Stimulus equivalence, functional equivalence, and the transfer of function. In S. C. Hayes, M. Sato, & K. Ono (Eds.), Behavior analysis of language and cognition (pp. 71–90). Reno, NV: Context Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dougher, M. J., & Markham, M. R. (1996). Stimulus classes and the untrained acquisition of stimulus functions. In T. R. Zentall & P. M. Smeets (Eds.), Stimulus class formation in humans and animals (pp. 137–152). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dube, W. V., Mcllvane, W. J., Maguire, R. W., Mackay, H. A., & Stoddard, L. T. (1989). Stimulus class formation and stimulus-rein-forcer relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 65–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dymond, S., & Barnes, D. (1994). A transfer of self-discrimination response functions through equivalence relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 62, 251–267.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dymond, S., & Barnes, D. (1995). A transformation of self-discrimination response functions in accordance with the arbitrarily applicable relations of sameness, more than, and less than. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 64, 163–184 (Erratum, 66, 348).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dymond, S., & Barnes, D. (1996). A transformation of self-discrimination response functions in accordance with the arbitrarily applicable relations of sameness and opposition. The Psychological Record, 46, 271–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymond, S., & Barnes, D. (1997a). Behavior-analytic approaches to self-awareness. The Psychological Record, 47, 181–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymond, S., & Barnes, D. (1997b). Interpolated training and testing and derived self-discrimination transfer. Experimental Analysis of Human Behavior Bulletin, 15, 19–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymond, S., & Barnes, D. (1998). The effects of prior equivalence testing and detailed verbal instructions on derived self-discrimination transfer: A follow-up study. The Psychological Record, 48, 147–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, L., Adams, B. J., Buffington, D. M., Yang, W., & Verhave, T. (1996). Response transfer between stimuli in generalized equivalence classes: A model for the establishment of natural kind and fuzzy superordinate categories. The Psychological Record, 46, 665–684.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friman, P. C, Hayes, S. C., & Wilson, K. G. (1998). Why behavior analysts should study emotion: The example of anxiety. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31, 137–156.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gatch, M. B., & Osborne, J. G. (1989). Transfer of contextual stimulus function via equivalence class development. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 369–378.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Green, G., Sigurdardottir, Z. G., & Saunders, R. R. (1991). The role of instructions in the transfer of ordinal functions through equivalence classes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 55, 287–304.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Greenway, D. E., Dougher, M. J., & Wulfert, E. (1996). Transfer of consequential functions via stimulus equivalence: Generalization to different testing contexts. The Psychological Record, 46, 131–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, L. J. (1992). Equivalence as process. In S. C. Hayes & L. J. Hayes (Eds.), Understanding verbal relations (pp. 97–108). Reno, NV: Context Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C. (1989). Rule-governed behavior: Cognition, contingencies, and instructional control. New York: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C. (1991). A relational control theory of stimulus equivalence. In L. J. Hayes & P. N. Chase (Eds.), Dialogues on verbal behavior: The first international institute on verbal relations (pp. 19–40). Reno, NV: Context Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C. (1994). Relational frame theory: A functional approach to verbal events. In S. C. Hayes, M. Sato, & K. Ono, (Eds.), Behavior analysis of language and cognition (pp. 11–30). Reno, NV: Context Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C, & Barnes, D. (1997). Analyzing derived stimulus relations requires more than the concept of stimulus class. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 68, 235–244.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C, Barnes-Holmes, D., & Roche, B. (Eds.). (in press). Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. New York: Plenum Press.

  • Hayes, S. C., Devany, J. M., Kohlenberg, B. S., Brownstein, A. J., & Shelby, J. (1987). Stimulus equivalence and the symbolic control of behavior. Revista Mexicana de Analisis de la Conducta, 13, 361–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Gifford, E. V., & Hayes, G. J. (1998). Moral behavior and the development of verbal regulation. The Behavior Analyst, 21, 253–279.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Gifford, E. V., & Ruckstahl, L. E. (1998). Relational frame theory and executive function: A behavioral approach. In G. R. Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Attention, memory, and executive function (pp. 279–305). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Gifford, E. V., & Wilson, K. G. (1996). Stimulus classes and stimulus relations: Arbitrarily applicable relational responding as an operant. In T. R. Zentall & P. M. Smeets (Eds.), Stimulus class formation in humans and animals (pp. 279–300). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., & Hayes, L. J. (1989). The verbal action of the listener as a basis for rule-governance. In S. C. Hayes (Ed.), Rule-governed behavior: Cognition, contingencies, and instructional control (pp. 153–190). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., & Hayes, L. J. (1992). Verbal relations and the evolution of behavior analysis. American Psychologist, 47, 1383–1395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Kohlenberg, B. S., & Hayes, L. J. (1991). The transfer of specific and general consequential functions through simple and conditional equivalence relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 56, 119–137.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., & Wilson, K. G. (1993). Some applied implications of a contemporary behavior-analytic account of verbal events. The Behavior Analyst, 16, 283–301.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Healy, O., Barnes, D., & Smeets, P. M. (1998). Derived relational responding as an operant: The effects of between-session feedback. The Psychological Record, 48, 511–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C, & Hayes, L. J. (1991). The transfer of contextual control over equivalence classes through equivalence classes: A possible model of social stereotyping. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 56, 505–518.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lazar, R. (1977). Extending sequence-class membership with matching to sample. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 27, 381–392.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leader, G., Barnes, D., & Smeets, P. M. (1996). Establishing equivalence relations using a respondent-type training procedure. The Psychological Record, 46, 685–706.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipkens, R., Hayes, S. C, & Hayes, L. J. (1993). Longitudinal study of the development of derived relations in an infant. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 56, 201–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madden, G. J., Chase, P. N., & Joyce, J. H. (1998). Making sense of sensitivity in the human operant literature. The Behavior Analyst, 21, 1–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mcllvane, W. J., & Dube, W. V. (1990). Do stimulus classes exist before they are tested? The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 8, 13–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilgrim, C. (1998). The human subject. In K. A. Lattal & M. Perone (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in human operant behavior (pp. 15–44). New York: Plenum.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pilgrim, C., Chambers, L., & Galizio, M. (1995). Reversal of baseline relations and stimulus equivalence: II. Children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 63, 239–254.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pilgrim, C., & Galizio, M. (1995). Reversal of baseline relations and stimulus equivalence: I. Adults. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 63, 225–238.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pilgrim, C., & Galizio, M. (1996). Stimulus equivalence: A class of correlations or a correlation of classes? In T. R. Zentall & P. M. Smeets (Eds.), Stimulus class formation in humans and animals (pp. 173–195). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rehfeldt, R.A., & Hayes, L. J. (1998a). The op-erant-respondent distinction revisited: Toward an understanding of stimulus equivalence. The Psychological Record, 48, 187–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehfeldt, R. A., & Hayes, L. J. (1998b). Untrained temporal differentiation and equivalence class formation. The Psychological Record, 48, 481–509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehfeldt, R. A., & Hayes, L. J. (2000). The long-term retention of generalized equivalence classes. The Psychological Record, 50, 405–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roche, B., & Barnes, D. (1997). A transformation of respondently conditioned sexual arousal functions in accordance with arbitrary relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 67, 275–301.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roche, B., Barnes, D., & Smeets, P. M. (1997). Incongruous stimulus pairing and conditional discrimination training: Effects on relational responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 68, 143–160.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roche, B., Barnes-Holmes, D., Smeets, P. M., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & McGeady, S. (2000). Contextual control over the derived transformation of discriminative and sexual arousal functions. The Psychological Record, 50, 267–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, R. R., Drake, K. M., & Spradlin, J. E. (1999). Equivalence class establishment, expansion, and modification in preschool children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 71, 195–214.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schusterman, R. J., & Kastak, D. (1993). A California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) is capable of forming equivalence relations. The Psychological Record, 43, 823–840.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidman, M. (1994). Equivalence relations and behavior: A research story. Boston: Authors Cooperative.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidman, M., & Tailby, W. (1982). Conditional discrimination vs. matching to sample: An expansion of the testing paradigm. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 37, 5–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sigurdardottir, Z. G., Green, G., & Saunders, R. R. (1990). Equivalence classes generated by sequence training. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 47–63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smeets, P. M., Barnes, D., & Roche, B. (1997). Functional equivalence in children: Derived stimulus-response and stimulus-stimulus relations. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 66, 1–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, T. J., & Chase, P. N. (1996). Speed analyses of stimulus equivalence. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 65, 643–659.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Steele, D., & Hayes, S. C. (1991). Stimulus equivalence and arbitrarily applicable relational responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 56, 519–555.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wasserman, E. A., & DeVolder, C. L. (1993). Similarity- and nonsimilarity-based conceptualization in children and pigeons. The Psychological Record, 43, 779–793.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, K. G., & Hayes, S. C. (1996). Resurgence of derived stimulus relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 66, 267–281.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wulfert, E., Dougher, M. J., & Greenway, D. E. (1991). Protocol analysis of the correspondence of verbal behavior and equivalence class formation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 56, 489–504.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wulfert, E., & Hayes, S. C. (1988). Transfer of a conditional ordering response through conditional equivalence classes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 125–144.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Simon Dymond or Ruth Anne Rehfeldt.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dymond, S., Rehfeldt, R.A. Understanding complex behavior: The transformation of stimulus functions. BEHAV ANALYST 23, 239–254 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392013

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392013

Key words

Navigation