Abstract
The theory of constitutional supercooling and solute segregation is discussed with regard to application to steel ingots. Some limitations in the application of theory are noted. Desirable characteristics of an ingot are defined and are shown to be varied. Experimental approaches to improve grain size control, ingot surfaces, and yield are discussed. In addition, the conditions for scale-up from laboratory experiments are defined, and a slice model technique, which produces the structure of full-size ingots, is described.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R. W. Ruddle: The Solidification of Castings, Institute of Metals, London, 1957.
W. C. Winegard: Fundamentals of the Solidification of Metals, Metallurgical Revs., vol. 6, no. 21, 1961, p. 57.
W. G. Pfann: Zone Melting, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1958.
Bruce Chalmers: Physical Metallurgy, chapter 6, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1959.
Described qualitatively in many texts, e.g., Basic Open Hearth Steelmaking, but first introduced quantitatively by Tiller, Chalmers, et al, Acta Metallurgica, vol. 7, 1953, p. 428.
L. H. Nelson: Trans. ASM, vol. 22, 1934, p. 193.
J. Chipman and C. R. FonDersmith: Trans. AIME, vol. 125, 1937, p. 370.
M. C. Flemings, R. V. Barone, S. Z. Uram and H. F. Taylor: Solidification Studies on Steel Castings and Ingots, Trans. Am. Foundrymen’s Society, vol. 69, 1961, p. 422.
G. M. Pound: Nucleation in the Solidification of Metals, Liquid Metals and Solidification, ASM, Cleveland, Ohio, 1958, p. 87.
W. A. Tiller: private communication, March 21, 1962.
W. A. Tiller: Solute Segregation during Ingot Solidification, J. Iron Steel Inst., vol. 192, 1959, p. 338.
W. S. Pellini, H. F. Bishop and F. A. Brandt: Trans. AIME, vol. 194, 1952, p. 44.
W. A. Tiller: Grain Size Control during Ingot Solidification, Journal of Metals, vol. 11, 1959, p. 512.
D. H. Lane, et al: The Application of Ultrasonic Energy to Ingot Solidification, Trans. AIME, vol. 218, 1960, p. 985.
D. J. Carney and B. R. Queneau: Solidification of Stainless Steel Ingots, The Physical Chemistry of Steelmaking, Technology Press of MIT and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1958, p. 209.
W. A. Buchovecky, F. C. Langenberg and W. C. Kollmann: Application of Immersion Pyrometry in an Electric Furnace Shop, Electric Furnace Steel Proc., vol. 16, 1958, p. 230.
J. C. Fulton and R. H. Henke: Electric Furnace Steel Proc., vol. 14, 1956, p. 92.
Metals Handbook, ASM, Cleveland, 1961, p. 422.
J. F. Horwath and L. F. Mondolfo: Dendritic Growth, Acta Metallurgica, vol. 11, no. 10, 1962, pp. 1037–1042.
F. C. Langenberg, G. Pestel and C. R. Honeycutt: Grain Refinement of Steel Ingots by Solidification in a Moving Electromagnetic Field, Journal of Metals, vol. 13, Dec. 1961, p. 895; Trans. AIME, vol. 221, 1961, p. 993.
Surface Defects in Ingots and Their Products, 2nd edition, British Iron and Steel Institute, special report 63, 1958.
D. R. Thornton: An Investigation on the Function of Ingot Mold Dressings, J. Iron Steel Inst., vol. 183, 1956, pp. 300–315.
G. Fenton: Heat Flow in Ingot Hot-Tops, J. Iron Steel Inst., vol. 186, 1957, pp. 396–405.
J. W. Mueller and G. A. Bole: Steel, vol. 126, 1950, pp. 80–82.
H. O. Howson: Iron Coal Trades Rev., vol. 165, 1952, pp. 1283–1290, 1353–1362.
E. S. Marr, et al: Ingot Feeder Heads, J. Iron Steel Inst., vol. 187, 1957, p. 81.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Langenberg, F.C., McCauley, J.K. & Dias, M.C. Solidification of Steel. JOM 15, 311–317 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03378240
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03378240