Skip to main content
Log in

Modeling Gender: A Carolina Perspective

  • Article
  • Published:
Historical Archaeology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

It is proving difficult to tie gender theory and gender studies to historical archaeological evidence: documents, primary and secondary deposits, artifact scatters, and data from whole or truncated features To clarify the application of gender theory to historical archaeological investigations, a systematic connection between material culture data, methods, and theory must be formulated A sample matrix is offered to illustrate possible pathways between specific strands of gender research and material culture studies This discussion of gender approaches, diverse methods, and corresponding material culture draws, in part, on North Carolina examples.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson, Nesta 2004 Finding the Space between Spatial Boundaries and Social Dynamics: The Archaeology of Nested Households In Household Chores and Household Choices: Theorizing the Domestic Sphere in Historical Archaeology, Kerri S Barile and Jamie C Brandon, editors, pp 109–120 University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barile, Kerri S., and Jamie C Brandon (editors) 2004 Household Chores and Household Choices: Theorizing the Domestic Sphere in Historical Archaeology. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaudry, Mary 1993 Public Aesthetics versus Personal Experience: Worker Health and Well-Being in 19th-Century Lowell, Massachusetts Historical Archaeology 27(2):90–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 2004 New Approaches to the Archaeology of Households In Household Chores and Household Choices: Theorizing the Domestic Sphere in Historical Archaeology, Kerri S Barile and Jamie C Brandon, editors, pp 254–262. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolen, Kathleen 1992 Prehistoric Construction of Mothering In Exploring Gender through Archaeology: Selected Papers from the 1991 Boone Conference, Cheryl Claassen, editor, pp 49–62 Prehistory Press, Monographs in World Archaeology, No 11 Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, Kathleen 1996 Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumfielr, Elizabeth, and Cynthia Robin 2008 Gender, Households, and Society: An Introduction. In Gender, Households, and Society: Unraveling the Threads of the Past and Present, Cynthia Robin and Elizabeth Brumfiel, editors Special issue, Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 18(1):1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchli, Victor, and Gavin Lucas 2000 Children, Gender and the Material Culture of Domestic Abandonment in the Late Twentieth Century In Children and Material Culture, Joanna Sofaer Derevenski, editor, pp 130–138 Routledge, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casella, Eleanor Conlin 2010 Landscapes of Punishment and Resistance A Female Convict Settlement in Tasmania, Australia In Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: The New Pragmatism, 2nd edition, Robert Preucel and Stephen Mrozowski, editors, pp 92–103 Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claassen, Cheryl 1992a Questioning Gender: An Introduction In Exploring Gender through Archaeology Selected Papers from the 1991 Boone Conference, Cheryl Claassen, editor, pp 1–9 Prehistory Press, Monographs in World Archaeology, No 11 Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • 2001 Challenges for Regendering Southeastern Prehistory In Archaeological Studies of Gender in the Southeastern United States, Jane M Eastman and Christopher B. Rodning, editors, pp 10–26 University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claassen, Cheryl (editor) 1992b Exploring Gender through Archaeology: Selected Papers from the 1991 Boone Conference Prehistory Press, Monographs in World Archaeology, No 11. Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conkey, Margaret W., and Janet D Spector 1984 Archaeology and the Study of Gender In Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol 7, Michael Schiffer, editor, pp 1–38 Academic Press, New York, NY.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cromley, Elizabeth Collins, and Carter L Hudgins 1995 Gender, Class and Shelter: Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture, V University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, Jeff 1984 North Carolina’s Mother of Good Roads Tar Heel Junior Historian 23(2):15–17 North Carolina Museum of History <http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/workshops/womenshistory/berry.html> Accessed 14 March 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlberg, Frances (editor) 1983 Woman the Gatherer Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delle, James, and Mary Ann Levine 2010 Remembering the Women of Vine Street: Archaeology and Historic Preservation of an Urban Landscape in Lancster, Pennsylvania In Archaeology and Preservation of Gendered Landscapes, Sherene Baugher and Suzanne M Spencer-Wood, editors, pp.113–138 Springer, New York, NY.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fennell, Christopher C. 2007 Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World University of Florida Press, Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galle, Jillian E., and Amy L Young (editors) 2004 Engendering African American Archaeology: A Southern Perspective University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gero, Joan M., and Margaret W Conkey (editors) 1991 Engendering Archaeology Women and Prehistory. Basil Blackwell, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibb, James G., and Julia A King 1991 Gender, Activity Areas, and Homelots in the 17th-Century Chesapeake Region Historical Archaeology 25(4):109–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, Rebecca, and James VanderVeen 2012 Political Pins and Condom Tins: A Study of Sex and Power Paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Memphis, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, Lance 2009 A Struggle for Cherokee Community: Excavating Identity in Post-Removal North Carolina Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI Academia.edu <http://www.academia.edu/1286446/A_Struggle_for_Cherokee_Community_Excavating_Identity_in _Post-Removal_North_Carolina> Accessed 5 May 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hays-Gilpin, Kelley, and David S Whitley 1998 Reader in Gender Archaeology Routledge, London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, Barbara 2004 Engendering Choice In Engendering African American Archaeology: A Southern Perspective, Jillian E Galle and Amy L Young, editors, pp 19–38 University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendon, Julia 2006 The Engendered Household In Handbook of Gender in Archaeology, Sarah Milledge Nelson, editor, pp. 171–198 Altimira Press, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, Erica 1998 Gender-Informed Archaeology: The Priority of Definition, the Use of Analogy, and the Multivariate Approach Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 5(1):99–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H M Berry Papers 2013 Collection Number: 02259, H M Berry Papers, 1890–1962 Southern Historical Collection at the Louis Round Wilson Special Collections Library, UNC University Libraries <http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/b/Berry, H.M.html> Accessed 3 May 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodder, Ian 1991 Gender Representation and Social Reality In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Chacmool Conference, Dale Walde and Noreen D Willows, editors, pp 11–16 Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, Calgary, AL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howlett, Katherine 2001–2002 Review Essay: Reading the Reading of Gender in Archaeology Northeast Historical Archaeology 30&31:181–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, J W., Jr. 1989 Pattern and Process in the Plantation Archaeology of Georgia and South Carolina Historical Archaeology 23(1):55–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keel, Bennie C. 2007 The Ravensford Tract Archaeological Project. Digital Archaeological Record <http://core.tdar.org/document/372024 Accessed 3 May 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, Julia 2006 Household Archaeology: Identities and Biographies In The Cambridge Companion to Historical Archaeology, Daniel Hicks and Mary Beaudry, editors, pp 293–313. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, Patricia M. 2001 Auditory Exostoses: A Clue to Gender in Prehistoric and Historic Farming Communities of North Carolina and Virginia In Archaeological Studies of Gender in the Southeastern United States, Jane M Eastman and Christopher B Rodning, editors, pp 152–172. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lautzenheiser, Loretta, Patricia Samford, Jaquelin Drane Nash, Mary Ann Holm, and Thomas Hargrove 1998 “I Was Moved of the Lord to Go to Carolina...”: Data Recovery at Eden House, Site 31BR52, Bertie County, North Carolina, Vol 1 Report to North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, from Coastal Carolina Research, Tarboro, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, Janet 2001 Concluding Thoughts In Archaeological Studies of Gender in the Southeastern United States, Jane M. Eastman and Christopher B Rodning, editors, pp. 171–178 University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquardt, William H., and Carole L Crumley (editors) 1987 Regional Dynamics Burgundian Landscapes in Historical Perspective Academic Press, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMurry, Sean Elisabeth 2011 Dig In! The Historical Archaeology of Gendered Foodways in Sulphur, Nevada, 1909–1959 Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, Tim 2011 Poverty in the Modern City: Retrospects and Prospects. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 15(4):572–581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Register of Historic Places 1990 Swansboro Historic District, Onslow County, NC. National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, National Park Service, U.S Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, Sarah M. 2004 Gender in Archaeology: Analyzing Power and Prestige, 2nd edition AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novick, Lee 1993 Historical and Archaeological Documentation of the Alston-DeGraffenried Plantation, Chatham County, NC Manuscript, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, Heather 2005 Data Recovery Excavations at Ruby City (31JK369), a Twentieth Century Mining Community in Jackson County, North Carolina Report to Balsam Mountain Preserve, L.P., Sylva, NC, from TRC Garrow Associates, Inc., Durham, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orser, Charles, Jr. 1996 A Historical Archaeology of the Modern World Plenum Press, New York, NY.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Paynter, Robert 2000a Historical and Anthropological Archaeology: Forging Alliances Journal of Archaeological Research 8(1):1–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 2000b Historical Archaeology and the Post-Columbian World of North America Journal of Archaeological Research 8(3):169–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, William S. 1989 North Carolina through Four Centuries University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robin, Cynthia, and Elizabeth M Brumfiel (editors) 2008 Gender, Households, and Society: Unraveling the Threads of the Past and Present Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No 18. Malden, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotman, Deborah 2006 Separate Spheres? Beyond the Dichotomies of Domesticity Current Anthropology 47(4):666–674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rotman, Deborah L., and Ellen-Rose Savulis (editors) 2003 Shared Spaces and Divided Places: Material Dimensions of Gender Relations and the American Historical Landscape University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samford, Patricia 2004 Engendering Enslaved Communities on Virginia’s and North Carolina’s Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Plantations In Engendering African American Archaeology: A Southern Perspective, Jillian E Galle and Amy L Young, editors, pp 151–175 University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sassaman, Kenneth 2005 Structure and Process in the Archaic Southeast In North American Archaeology, Timothy R Pauketat and Diana DiPaolo Loren, editors, pp 79–107 Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, Robert A., and Barbara Voss (editors) 2000 Archaeologies of Sexuality Routledge, London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, Elizabeth M. 2004 Introduction: Gender Research in African American Archaeology In Engendering African American Archaeology: A Southern Perspective, Jillian E Galle and Amy L Young, editors, pp 1–18 University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, Elizabeth M (editor) 1994 Those of Little Note: Gender, Race and Class University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seifert, Donna J (editor) 1991 Gender in Historical Archaeology Thematic issue, Historical Archaeology 25(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • 2005 Sin City Thematic issue, Historical Archaeology 39(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sørensen, Marie Louise Stig 2000 Gender Archaeology Blackwell, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • 2006 Gender, Things, and Material Culture In Handbook of Gender in Archaeology, Sarah Milledge Nelson, editor, pp 105–135 Altimira Press, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • South, Stanley 1977 Method and Theory in Historical Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1978 Pattern Recognition in Historical Archaeology. American Antiquity 43(2):223–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer-Wood, Suzanne 1991 Towards a Feminist Historical Archaeology of the Construction of Gender In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Chacmool Conference, Dale Walde and Noreen D Willows, editors, pp. 234–244 Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, Calgary, AL.

    Google Scholar 

  • 2003 Gendering the Creation of Green Urban Landscapes in America at the Turn of the Century In Shared Spaces and Divided Places: Material Dimensions of Gender Relations and the American Historical Landscape, Deborah Rotman and Ellen-Rose Savulis, editors, pp. 24–61 University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

    Google Scholar 

  • 2004a A Historic Pay-For Housework Community Household: The Cambridge Cooperative Housekeeping Society In Household Chores and Household Choices Theorizing the Domestic Sphere in Historical Archaeology, Kerri S Barile and Jamie C Brandon, editors, pp 138–158. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

    Google Scholar 

  • 2004b What Difference Does Feminist Theory Make in Researching Households? In Household Chores and Household Choices: Theorizing the Domestic Sphere in Historical Archaeology, Kerri S Barile and Jamie C. Brandon, editors, pp 235–253 University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

    Google Scholar 

  • 2006 Feminist Theory and Gender Research in Historical Archaeology In Handbook of Gender in Archaeology, Sarah Milledge Nelson, editor, pp 59–104 Altimira Press, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • 2010 Feminist Theoretical Perspectives on the Archaeology of Poverty: Gendering Institutional Lifeways in the Northeastern United States from the Eighteenth Century through the Nineteenth Century Historical Archaeology 44(4):110–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spude, Catherine Holder 2005 Brothels and Saloons: An Archaeology of Gender in the American West Historical Archaeology 39(1):89–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stine, Linda France 1989 Raised Up in Hard Times: Factors Affecting Material Culture on Upland Piedmont Farmsteads, Circa 1900–1940s Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1990 Social Inequality and Turn-of-the-Century Farmsteads: Issues of Class, Status, Ethnicity, and Race In Plantation and Farm: Archaeological Approaches to Southern Agriculture, Charles Orser, Jr., editor. Thematic issue, Historical Archaeology 24(4):37–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1991 Early Twentieth Century Gender Roles: Perceptions from the Farm In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Chacmool Conference, Dale Walde and Noreen D Willows, editors, pp. 496–501 Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, Calgary, AL.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1992 Social Differentiation on the Farmstead In Exploring Gender through Archaeology: Selected Papers from the 1991 Boone Conference, Cheryl Claassen, editor, pp 103–109 Prehistory Press, Monographs in World Archaeology, No 11 Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • 2011a Applied Archaeology at Blandwood Mansion Historic Site (31GF199**), William Robinson, contributor Report to Blandwood Mansion Historic Site, Greensboro, NC, from Linda France Stine, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina Greensboro.

    Google Scholar 

  • 2011b Eastern Piedmont Farmsteads and Plantations: A Site File Expedition In The Archaeology of North Carolina: Three Archaeological Symposia, Charles R Ewen, Thomas R Whyte, AND R P Stephen Davis, Jr., editors, pp 20–1–20–33 North Carolina Archaeological Council Publication Series No 30 Chapel Hill UNC Research Labs of Archaeology <http://www.rla.unc.edu/ncac/Publications/index.html> Accessed 3 May 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stine, Linda France, Melanie Cabak, and Mark Groover 1996 Blue Beads as African-American Cultural Symbols. Historical Archaeology 30(3):49–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wadelington, Charles, and Richard F Knapp 1999 Charlotte Hawkins Brown and Palmer Memorial Institute:What One Young African American Woman Could Do University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walde, Dale, and Noreen D Willows (editors) 1991 The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Chacmool Conference Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, Calgary, AL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, Paul A., David Leigh, and Tasha Benyshek 2002 Cultural and Historical Resource Investigations of the Ravensford Land Exchange Tract, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Swain County, North Carolina, Vol 1 Report to Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Cherokee, NC, from TRC Garrow Associates, Durham, NC.

  • Williams, Bryn 2008 Chinese Masculinities and Material Culture Historical Archaeology 42(3):53–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Michael Ann 1991 Homeplace: The Social Use and Meaning of the Folk Dwelling in Southwestern North Carolina University of Georgia Press, Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, Kirsten E. 2001 Broken Reeds and Competent Farmers: Slaveholding Widows in the Southeastern United States, 1783–1861. Journal of Women’s History 13(2):35–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wurst, LouAnn 2003 The Legacy of Separate Spheres In Shared Spaces and Divided Places: Material Dimensions of Gender Relations and the American Historical Landscape, Deborah L Rotman and Ellen-Rose Savulis, editors, pp 225–237 University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wylie, Alison 1991 Feminist Critiques and Archaeological Challenges. In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Chacmool Conference, Dale Walde and Noreen D Willows, editors, pp 17–23 Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, Calgary, AL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yentsch, Anne 1991a Access and Space, Symbolic and Material, in Historical Archaeology In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Chacmool Conference, Dale Walde and Noreen D Willows, editors, pp. 252–262 Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, Calgary, AL.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1991b Engendering Visible and Invisible Ceramic Artifacts, especially Dairy Vessels Historical Archaeology 25(4):132–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 1991c The Symbolic Divisions of Pottery: Sex-Related Attributes of English and Anglo-American Household Pots In The Archaeology of Inequality, Randall McGuire and Robert Paynter, editors, pp 192–230. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Stine, L.F. Modeling Gender: A Carolina Perspective. Hist Arch 48, 7–26 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03376946

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03376946

Navigation