Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Shipwreck allocation and management in Michigan: A review of theory and practice

  • Article
  • Published:
Historical Archaeology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Shipwrecks within Michigan’s Great Lakes provide benefits to users who include historians, archaeologists, sport divers, anglers, salvors, and businesspeople. But as common property resources, shipwrecks are subject to overuse and misallocation that are characteristic of the “tragedy of the commons.” With the passage of state legislation in 1980, shipwrecks are now formally recognized as public trust resources to be managed wisely for the benefits of present and future Michigan citizens. The values of these benefits and the costs of impacts from use should be considered in making allocation and resource management decisions. In addition, the establishment of institutional management systems is needed to guide, monitor, and control the use of shipwrecks. Michigan has established nine underwater preserves and is investigating private-public partnerships in shipwreck management that include community support groups as decision-makers. Strategic planning processes and collaborative decision-making approaches offer some means for designing effective resource management tactics that are consistent with the missions of state agencies. Strategic planning processes relevant to shipwreck management include inventory and assessment of resources, citizen participation and community development approaches, and the marketing of parks, recreation, and tourism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agardy, Tundi 1990 Draft Guidelines for Biosphere Reserve Planning. In Marine Ecological Areas in Canada, edited by Robert Graham, pp. 45–62. Canadian Council on Ecological Areas, Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, Paul F. 1982 Marketing, Strategic Planning and the Theory of the Firm. Journal of Marketing 46:15–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashlee, Laura 1990 Broken in Two: The Wreck of the Carl D. Bradley. Michigan History Magazine 74(6):32–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aubry, Michele C. 1989 Guidelines for the Abandoned Shipwreck Act: A Panacea or a Double Standard. Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference 1989:143–141. J. Barto Arnold III, editor. Society for Historical Archaeology, California, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, P. W., and D. W. Seckler 1972 Market Failure—Collective Goods. In Economic Growth and Environmental Decay: The Solution Becomes the Problem, pp. 124–145. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batterson, Ted 1990 Trip Report to Isle Royale National Park, July 17–21, 1989. Report on file, Michigan Sea Grant Extension, Michigan State University, East Lansing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, Thomas C. 1984 The Concept of Value in Resource Allocation. Land Economics 60:231–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byars, Lloyd L., and Thomas C. Neil 1987 Organizational Philosophy and Mission Statements. Planning Review 15(4):32–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caduto, Michael J. 1985 A Guide on Environmental Values Education. UNESCO, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, Susan, and W. J. D. Kennedy 1985 Managing Environmental Conflict by Applying Common Sense. Negotiation Journal 1(2): 149–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, Steven N. S. 1970 The Structure of a Contract and the Theory of a Nonexclusive Resource. Journal of Law and Economics 13(1):49–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clawson, Marion, and Jack L. Knetsch 1966 Economics of Outdoor Recreation. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, David 1986 Resource Impacts Caused by Recreation. In President’s Commission on Americans Outdoors: A Literature Review, edited by Laura B. Szwak, pp. 1–12. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, Scott E. 1989 Managing Historic Shipwrecks in the United States. Coastal Management 17:309–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crossley, John C. 1986 Public-Commercial Cooperation in Parks and Recreation. Publishing Horizons, Columbus, Ohio.

    Google Scholar 

  • Decker, Daniel J., Tommy L. Brown, Nancy A. Connelly, Jody W. Enck, Gerri A. Pomerantz, Kenneth G. Purdy, and William F. Siemer 1988 Toward a Comprehensive Paradigm of Contemporary Wildlife Management: Integrating the Human and Biological Dimensions of Management. Paper presented at the Second Symposium on Social Science in Resource Management, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado, James P. 1988 The Value of Shipwrecks. In Historic Shipwrecks: Issues in Management, edited by Joy Waldron Murphy, pp. 1–10. Partners for Livable Places and the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1989 Significance: Memorials, Myths, and Symbols. In Submerged Cultural Resources Study: USS Arizona Memorial and Pearl Harbor National Historic Landmark, edited by Daniel J. Lenihan. Southwest Cultural Resources Center Professional Papers 23:169–183. Submerged Cultural Resources Unit, National Park Service.

  • Dttri, Frank M. 1985 Artificial Reefs: Marine and Freshwater Applications. Lewis, Chelsea, Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doner, Mary Frances 1958 The Salvager: The Life of Captain Tom Reid on the Great Lakes. Ross and Haines, Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driver, B. L., and Perry Brown 1986 Probable Personal Benefits of Outdoor Recreation. In President’s Commission on Americans Outdoors: A Literature Review, edited by Laura B. Szwak, pp. 63–70. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, George 1990 The Concept of Marine Protected Areas Applied to the Great Lakes. In Marine Ecological Areas in Canada, edited by Robert Graham, pp. 29–44. Canadian Council on Ecological Areas, Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fridgen, J. D. 1980 Environment-Behavior Research: Implications for the Study of Leisure and Recreation Behavior. In Social Psychological Perspectives on Leisure and Recreation, edited by S. E. Iso-Ahola, pp. 357–389. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1984 Environmental Psychology and Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 11:19–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gentile, Gary 1990 Great Wrecks of the Great Lakes: Diving Michigan’s Underwater Preserves. Skin Diver 39(6):60–63, 213–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giesecke, Anne G. 1987 Shipwrecks: The Past in the Present. Coastal Management 15(2): 179–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 1989 States and Their Shipwrecks. Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference 1989:35–41. J. Barto Arnold III, editor. Society for Historical Archaeology, California, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, Robert, and Robert J. Payne 1990 Canadian Marine Ecological Areas. In Marine Ecological Areas in Canada, edited by Robert Graham, pp. 63–91. Canadian Council on Ecological Areas, Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, John B. 1859 Diving with and without Armor: Containing the Submarine Exploits of J. B. Green, the Celebrated Submarine Diver. Faxon’s Steam Power Press, Buffalo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, Clare A. 1988 Tourism Planning. Taylor and Francis, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haley, Russell I. 1968 Benefit Segmentation: A Decision-Oriented Research Tool. Journal of Marketing 32(3):30–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halsey, John R. 1985a Michigan’s Great Lakes Bottomland Preserves. In Marine Parks and Conservation: Challenge and Promise, Vol. 2, edited by Jon Lien and Robert Graham, pp. 65–76. National and Provincial Parks Association of Canada, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1985b Michigan’s Underwater Archaeology Program. In Proceedings of the Sixteenth Conference on Underwater Archaeology, edited by Paul Forsythe Johnston. Special Publication Series 4:143–146. Society for Historical Archaeology, California, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1989 Nine Years before the Mast: Shipwreck Management in Michigan since 1980. Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference 7989:43–48. J. Barto Arnold III, editor. Society for Historical Archaeology, California, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1990a Beneath the Inland Seas: Michigan’s Underwater Archaeological Heritage. Michigan Department of State, Lansing.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1990b Michigan’s Great Lakes Shipwrecks: Save, Salvage, or Excavate? Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference 1990:2–6. Toni L. Carrell, editor. Society for Historical Archaeology, California, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1991 “The Reeck of a small Vessel.” Michigan History Magazine 75(2):30–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • HANCHY, J. R. 1983 The Objectives of Public Participation. In Public Involvement Techniques: A Reader of Ten Years Experience at the Institute for Water Resources, edited by J. Creighton, J. D. Priscol, and C.M. Dunning. Research Report 82-RI: 15–25. Institute for Water Resources, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardin, Garrett 1968 The Tragedy of the Commons. Science 162:1243–1248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, Steve (editor) 1990 Diving into St. Ignace Past: An Underwater Investigation of East Moran Bay. Maritime Press, Mason, Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendee, John C. 1980 A Multiple Satisfaction Approach to Game Management. Wildlife Society Bulletin 2(3): 104–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbert, David T., Richard C. Prentice, and Colin J. Thomas 1989 Heritage Sites: Strategies for Marketing and Development. Avebury, Brookfield, Vermont.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoehn, John P. 1987 Contingent Valuation in Fisheries Management: The Design of Satisfactory Contingent Valuation Formats. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116:412–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holecek, Donald, and Susan Lothrop 1980 Attitudes of a Scuba Diving Population Concerning Government Regulation of Underwater Resources. Michigan Sea Grant Extension-Michigan Sea Grant College Program Studies MICHU-SG-80-201. East Lansing.

  • Holecek, Donald F., and E. Thomas Smiley 1982 Management Guidelines for Michigan’s Great Lakes Bottomland Preserves. Michigan Sea Grant Extension-Michigan Sea Grant College Program Studies MICHU-SG-82-201. East Lansing.

  • Honadle, George 1989 Interorganizational Cooperation for Natural Resource Management: New Approaches to a Key Problem Area. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 54:271–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, Charles W. 1979 Common Property Resources: Theory and Examples. In Natural Resource Economics: Issues, Analysis, and Policy, pp. 247–279. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulse, Charles A. (editor) 1979 Underwater Parks: Symposium Proceedings. Michigan State University, Cooperative Extension Service Bulletin E-1350. East Lansing.

  • Hulse, Charles A., and Donald Holecek 1980 Michigan’s Coastal Waters: A Pilot Study in Underwater Cultural Resources. Michigan Sea Grant Extension-Michigan Sea Grant College Program Studies MICHU-SG-80-204. East Lansing.

  • Iso-Ahola, Seppo 1989 Motivation for Leisure. In Understanding Leisure and Recreation: Mapping the Past, Charting the Future, edited by E. L. Jackson and T. L. Burton, pp. 247–279. Venture Publishing, State College, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, Robert M., Robert Norton, and Raymond K. Anderson 1981 The Resource Manager and the Public: An Evaluation of Historical and Current Concepts and Practices. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 46:208–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelleher, Graeme, and Richard A. Kenchington 1990a Draft Policy for Marine Conservation and Guidelines for the Establishment of Marine Protected Areas. In Marine Ecological Areas in Canada, edited by Robert Graham, pp. 119–176. Canadian Council on Ecological Areas, Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1990b Political and Social Dynamics for Establishing Marine Protected Areas. Nature & Resources 26(2):31–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, John R. 1987 Recreation Trends toward the Year 2000. Management Learning Laboratories, Ltd., Urbana-Champaign, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenchington, Richard A. 1990 Managing Marine Environments. Taylor and Francis, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kettner, P., J. M. Daley, and A. W. Nichols 1985 A Model for Organizational and Community Change. In Initiating Change in Organizations and Communities: A Macro Practice Model, edited by P. Kettner, pp. 21–41. Brooks and Cole, Monterey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kikuchi, Hideo 1986 Segmenting Michigan’s Sport Fishing Market: Evaluation of Two Approaches. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Park and Recreation Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinnunen, Ron 1984 Alger Underwater Preserve Diver Information Survey Results, Expenditures, and Secondary Economic Impacts. On file, Alger Underwater Preserve Committee, Munising, Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1985 Alger Underwater Preserve Diver Information Survey Results, Expenditures, and Secondary Economic Impacts. On file, Alger Underwater Preserve Committee, Munising, Michigan.

  • Kinnunen, Ron, Jon Peterson, Steve Stewart, and Carol Swinehart 1985 Sea Grant Research and Community Development Make Michigan’s Bottomland Preserves a Reality. In Marine Parks and Conservation: Challenge and Promise, Vol. 2, edited by Jon Lien and Robert Graham, pp. 77–84. National and Provincial Parks Association of Canada, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, Philip 1980 Strategic Planning and the Marketing Process. Business 30(3):2–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1986 Principles of Marketing. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubitz, Jody 1990 Preliminary Assessment of Plants and Animals at the Alva Bradley Wreck Site. Ms. on file, Institute of Water Research, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing.

  • Kvamme, Kenneth L. 1989 Geographic Information Systems in Regional Archaeological Research and Data Management. In Archaeological Method and Theory, edited by Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 139–201. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labadie, C. Patrick 1989 Submerged Cultural Resources Study of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. Southwest Cultural Resource Center Professional Paper No. 22. National Park Service, Santa Fe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langenau, E. E., Jr., and R. Ben Peyton 1982 Policy Implications of Human Dimensions Research for Wildlife Information and Education Programs. Transactions of Northeast Fish and Wildlife Conference 39:119–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lautenschlager, R. A., and R. T. Bowyer 1985 Wildlife Management by Referendum: When Professionals Fail to Communicate. Wildlife Society Bulletin 13:564–570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenihan, J. Daniel, and Kenneth J. Vrana 1990 Superior Solitude. Michigan History Magazine 74(3):26–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, William H., and C. W. Ruskowski 1985 People v Massey. In Cases Decided in the Michigan Court of Appeals from September 4 to October 1, 1984. Michigan Appeals Reports 137:480–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, Edward M. 1987 Marketing Parks and Recreation: The Need for a New Approach. Manuscript and videotape on file, Department of Park and Recreation Resources and the Travel, Tourism and Recreation Resource Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, Jay C. 1990 A Star to Steer By: The Last Season of the City of Grand Haven. Michigan History Magazine 74(4): 43–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, William J., and Charles C. Harris 1986 Regional Resource Recreation Planning. In A Literature Review: The President’s Commission on Americans Outdoors, edited by Laura B. Szwak, pp. 105–119. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, Charles J., A. Dan Tarlock, James N. Corbridge, And David Getches 1988 Water Resource Management: A Casebook in Law and Public Policy. Foundation Press, Mineola, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, Alastair M. 1989 Hospitality and Travel Marketing. Delmar, Albany, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, James H. 1976 Benefit Structure Analysis: A New Tool for Product Planning. Journal of Marketing 40(10):23–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naisbett, John, and Patricia Aburdene 1990 Megatrends 2000. William Morrow, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peter, J. Paul, and James H. Donnelly, Jr. 1986 Strategic Planning. In Marketing Management: Knowledge and Skills, pp. 10–27. Business Publications, Piano, Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, Jon, and Thord C. Sundstrom 1987 A Profile of 1986 Diver Activity in the Thunder Bay Bottomland Preserve. Michigan Sea Grant Extension-Michigan Sea Grant College Program Studies MICHU-SG-87–507. East Lansing.

  • Peterson, Jon, Thord C. Sundstrom, and Ronald E. Kinnunen 1987 1986 Recreational Diving Activity in Michigan Bottomland Preserves. Michigan Sea Grant Extension-Michigan Sea Grant College Program Studies MICHU-SG-87-506. East Lansing.

  • Peterson, Jon P., Thord C. Sundstrom, and Steve Stewart 1987 A Profile of Great Lakes Diver Activity, Travel, and Expenditure Patterns. Michigan Sea Grant Extension-Michigan Sea Grant College Program Studies MICHU-SG-87-508. East Lansing.

  • Peyton, R. Ben 1984 A Typology of Natural Resource Issues with Implications for Resource Management and Education. Michigan Academician 17(1):49–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peyton, R. Ben, and Daniel J. Decker 1987 The Role of Values and Valuing in Wildlife Communication and Education. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Economic and Social Values of the Wildlife Resource, Syracuse, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitts, Robert E., and Arch G. Woodside 1986 Personal Values and Travel Decisions. Journal of Travel Research 25(1):20–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Propst, Dennis B., and Dimitris G. Gavrilis 1987 Role of Economic Impact Assessment Procedures in Recreational Fisheries Management. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116:450–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, Brent J. R., and Charles R. Goeldner 1987 Travel, Tourism, and Hospitality Research: A Handbook for Managers and Researchers. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rokeach, Milton 1973 The Nature of Human Values. Free Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoenfeld, Clay, And Robert J. Griffin 1981 Communication: A Human Factor. Paper presented at the Symposium on Wildlife Management of Private Lands, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrader, Charles B., Charles L. Mulford, and Virginia L. Blackburn 1989 Strategic and Operational Planning: Uncertainty, and Performance in Small Firms. Journal of Small Business Management 27(4):45–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreyer, Richard, and B. L. Driver 1989 The Benefits of Leisure. In Understanding Leisure and Recreation: Mapping the Past, Charting the Future, edited by E. L. Jackson and T. L. Burton, pp. 385–419. Venture Publishing, State College, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, John D. 1980 A Public Program Analysis of Operations and Impacts of the Texas Liberty Ship Reef Program. Unpublished M. A. thesis, Department of Recreation and Parks, Texas A&M University, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singley, Katherine 1988 The Conservation of Archaeological Artifacts from Freshwater Environments. Lake Michigan Maritime Museum, South Haven, Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smiley, E. Thomas, and Donald F. Holecek 1982 Aquatic Park Management: Symposium Proceedings. Michigan Sea Grant Extension-Michigan Sea Grant College Program Studies MICHU-SG-82-900. East Lansing.

  • Sorg, Cindy F., and John Loomis 1985 An Introduction to Wildlife Valuation Techniques. Wildlife Society Bulletin 13:38–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinhoff, Harold W., Richard G. Walsh, Tony J. Peterle, and Joseph M. Petulla 1987 Evolution of the Valuation of Wildlife. In Valuing Wildlife: Economic and Social Perspectives, edited by Daniel J. Decker and Gary R. Goff, pp. 34–48. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinehart, Carol Y. 1988 Buried Treasures—Michigan’s Bottomland Preserves. Extension Review 59(2): 10–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talhelm, Daniel R. 1985 The Economic Impact of Artificial Reefs on Great Lakes Sport Fisheries. In Artificial Reefs: Marine and Freshwater Applications, edited by Frank M. D’Itri, pp. 537–544. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1988 Economics of Great Lakes Fisheries: A 1985 Assessment. Great Lakes Fishery Commission Technical Report 54. Ann Arbor, Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tichy, Noel M. 1982 Managing Change Strategically: The Technical, Political, and Cultural Keys. Organizational Dynamics 11(2):59–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tipple, Terence J., and J. Douglas Wellman 1989 Life in the Fishbowl—Public Participation Rewrites Public Foresters’ Job Descriptions. Journal of Forestry 87(3):24–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tisdell, Clem, and James M. Broadus 1989 Policy Issues Related to the Establishment and Management of Marine Reserves. Coastal Management 17(1):37–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Throckmorton, Peter 1990 The World’s Worst Investment: The Economics of Treasure Hunting with Real Life Comparisons. Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference 1990:6–10. J. Barto Arnold III, editor. Society for Historical Archaeology, California, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinson, Donald E., Jerome E. Scott, and Lawrence M. Lamont 1977 The Role of Personal Values in Marketing and Consumer Behavior. Journal of Marketing 41(2):44–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vrana, Kenneth J. 1987a Managing Shipwrecks in a National Park: The Isle Royale Experience. In Submerged Cultural Resources Study of Isle Royale National Park, edited by Daniel J. Lenihan. Southwest Cultural Resource Center Professional Paper 8:475–524. National Park Service, Santa Fe.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1987b Isle Royale’s Submerged History: An Experience in Preservation. In Shipwrecks of Lake Superior, edited by James R. Marshall, pp. 90–93. Lake Superior Port Cities, Duluth, Minnesota.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1989 Michigan Bottomland Preserves Inventory. Michigan Sea Grant Extension-Michigan Sea Grant College Program Studies MICHU-SG-89-500. East Lansing.

  • 1990 Visiting the F. T. Barney. Michigan History Magazine 74(1):11.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1991a An Analysis of the Development Needs of Michigan Underwater Preserve Communities Using the Nominal Group Technique. Report on file, Michigan Coastal Zone Management Program, Lansing, and Michigan Sea Grant Extension, Michigan State University, East Lansing.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1991b Sport Diving and Great Lakes Aquatic Park Survey. Report on file, Michigan Coastal Zone Management Program, Lansing, and Michigan Sea Grant Extension, Michigan State University, East Lansing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vrana, Kenneth J., and John Schwartz 1989 Instrumented Sled, ROV Join to Provide Enhanced Images of Edmund Fitzgerald. Sea Technology 30(12): 17–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, Richard G. 1986 Recreation Economic Decisions: Comparing Benefits and Costs. Venture Publishing, State College, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, Thomas D., and Donald Holecek 1978 Underwater Parks: An Unexplored Recreation Frontier? Park and Recreation 13(11): 18–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, Frederick E. 1988 The Rediscovery of the Marketing Concept. Business Horizons 31(3):29–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, James L., William L. Reif, and Jeffrey S. Bracker 1989 The Manager’s Guide to Strategic Planning Tools and Techniques. Planning Review 17(6):4–13, 48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wetzel, Robert G. 1983 Limnology. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Orlando, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildesen, Leslie E. 1982 The Study of Impacts on Archaeological Sites. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 5, edited by Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 51–96. Academic Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Woodside, Arch G., and Jeffrey A. Carr 1988 Consumer Decision Making and Competitive Marketing Strategies: Applications for Tourism Planning. Journal of Travel Research 27(3):2–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodside, Arch G., and Laurence W. Jacobs 1985 Step Two in Benefit Segmentation: Learning the Benefits Realized by Major Travel Markets. Journal of Travel Research 24(1):7–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, Richard J. 1975 Inventory of Shipwrecks within Michigan Coastal Waters. Report on file, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Northwest Ohio-Great Lakes Research Center, Bowling Green, Ohio.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Michigan Sea Grant Extension, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA, 48824

    Kenneth J. Vrana

  2. Michigan Department of State, Bureau of History, Lansing, Michigan, USA, 48918

    John R. Halsey

Authors
  1. Kenneth J. Vrana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John R. Halsey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Vrana, K.J., Halsey, J.R. Shipwreck allocation and management in Michigan: A review of theory and practice. Hist Arch 26, 81–96 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03374517

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03374517

Search

Navigation