Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Uniaxial compression tests and the validity of indirect tensile strength

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

So-called “indirect” tensile tests have been adopted for various reasons, especially ease of execution and supposed freedom from several notable interferences. The extensive literature reveals much disparity in the conditions for such tests, and no consensus conclusion concerning the optimum protocol or even the interpretation of the results. Briefly, these, and other uniaxial tests in compression, are not well understood, despite long use and much investigation. Trust in centrally initiated tensile failure is misplaced. Experimentally, in a beam-split test, the effect of loading width is shown to be substantial; standard interpretations cannot explain the results. Failure initiated in shear is most probably the mechanism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. R. PELTIER, RILEM Bull. 19 (1954) 29.

    Google Scholar 

  2. P. J. F. WRIGHT, Mag. Conc. Res. (London) 7 (20) (1955) 87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. O. G. INGLES and S. FRYDMAN, Proceedings of the 4th Australia-New Zealand Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Adelaide (University of Adelaide, Adelaide 1963) 213–19.

    Google Scholar 

  4. P. S. B. COLBACK, Proceedings of the First Congress of the International Society of Rock Mechanics, Lisbon, Vol. 1 (Laboratorie Nacionale de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, 1966) pp. 385–91.

    Google Scholar 

  5. V. RAMAKRISHNAN, Y. ANANTHANARAYANA and K. C. GOPAL, Indian Conc. J. 41 (1967) 202.

    Google Scholar 

  6. W. F. CHEN, Amer. Conc. Inst. J. 67 (1970) 993.

    Google Scholar 

  7. W. F. CHEN, “Rock and Soils, Limit Analysis and Soil Plasticity” (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1975) Ch. 11, pp. 501–41.

    Google Scholar 

  8. R.-M. BERTHIER, “Revue des Matériaux de Construction et de travaux publics”, no. 431–432, (1951) 241.

  9. K. WAITZMANN, Stavebni prumysl 2 (20) (1952) 461 (in Czech.)

    Google Scholar 

  10. S. NILSSON, RILEM Bull. 11 (1961) 63.

    Google Scholar 

  11. J. D. DAVIES and D. K. BOSE, Proc. J. Amer. Conc. Inst. 65 (1968) 662.

    Google Scholar 

  12. S. A. Bortz and H. H. Lund, in “Mechanical Properties of Engineering Ceramics”, edited by W. Kriegel and H. Palmour (Interscience, New York, 1961) Ch. 23, pp. 383–406.

    Google Scholar 

  13. J. C. JAEGER and E. R. HOSKINS, Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 17 (1966) 685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. S. A. BORTZ and T. B. WADE, NTIS Technical Report No. AD658695 (US Army Materials Research Agency, September 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. A. HUDSON, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 6 (1969) 91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. K. NEWMAN and L. LACHANCE, Proc. Amer. Soc. Testing Mater. 64 (1964) 1044.

    Google Scholar 

  17. L. N. G. FILON, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 198 (1902) 147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. T. GYENGO, J. Amer. Conc. Inst. Proc. 33 (1938) 269.

    Google Scholar 

  19. A. SMEKAL, Z. Ver. Deut. Ing. 6 (1938) 159.

    Google Scholar 

  20. J. W. MURDOCK and C. E. KESLER, ASTM Bull. (1957) 68.

    Google Scholar 

  21. ANON., RILEM Bull. 39 (1957) 81.

  22. J. BONZEL, Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 54 (1959) 223, 247.

    Google Scholar 

  23. H. HANSEN, K. E. C. NIELSEN, A. KIELLAND and S. THAULOW, RILEM Bull. 17, new series (1962) 23.

    Google Scholar 

  24. S. THAULOW, ibid. 17, new series (1962) 31.

    Google Scholar 

  25. I. HAWKES and M. MELLOR, Engng. Geol. 4 (1970) 177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. C. E. KESLER, ASTM Proc. (1959) 1216.

  27. J. VUORINEN, Nordisk Betong 2 (1960) 143.

    Google Scholar 

  28. N. TURK and W. R. DEARMAN, Engng. Geol. 22 (1986) 293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. ANON., J. Amer. Dent. Assoc. 95 (1977) 614. (Addendum ibid. 100 (1980) 246.)

  30. S. ESPEVIK, Swed. Dent. J. 68 (1975) 181.

    Google Scholar 

  31. M. M. A. VRIJHOEF and F. C. M. DRIESSENS, J. Biomech. 4 (1971) 233–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. C. B. HERNÁNDEZ, Publication No. 35, Laboratorio Central de Ensayo de Materials de Construction, Madrid, (1946).

  33. C. K. RAMESH and S. K. CHOPRA, Indian Conc. J. 34 (1960) 354.

    Google Scholar 

  34. N. B. MITCHELL, Mater. Res. Stand. 1 (1961) 780.

    Google Scholar 

  35. J. TUCKER, Amer. Soc. Testing Mater. 45 (1945) 976.

    Google Scholar 

  36. S. ESPEVIK, Scand. J. Dent. Res. 83 (1975) 37.

    Google Scholar 

  37. L. OBERT, in “Fracture, An Advanced Treatise”, Vol. 7 (Academic, New York, 1972) Ch. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  38. M. V. ZAUSTIN, Bull. Amer. Soc. Test. Mater. 266 (1957) 52.

    Google Scholar 

  39. W. B. SHOOK, Tech. Doc. Report No. ASD-TDR-63-491 (Aeronautical Systems Division, US Air Force, Ohio, July, 1963).

    Google Scholar 

  40. B. LAWN and R. WILSHAW, J. Mater. Sci. 10 (1975) 1049.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. J. W. AXELSON and E. L. PIRET, Ind. Engng. Chem. 42 (1950) 665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. A. A. GRIFFITH, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London. A 221 (1921) 163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Idem, Proceedings of the 1st International Congress on Applied Mechanics (1924) pp. 55–63.

  44. B. PAUL and M. GANGAL, In “Failure and Breakage of Rock”, edited by C. Fairhurst (SME-AIME, New York, 1967) Ch. 5, pp. 113–41.

    Google Scholar 

  45. J. GLUCKLICH, NASA Report TSP71-10158, JPL, Technical Report 32-1438 (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  46. R. EARNSHAW and D. C. SMITH, Austral. Dent. J. 11 (1966) 415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. H. F. GONNERMAN and E. C. SHUMAN, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mater. 28 (II) (1928) 527.

    Google Scholar 

  48. P. W. ABELES, I. ALI, E. GRUENWALD, H. RÜSCH, G. VIGERUST and S. THAULOW, J. Amer. Conc. Inst. 29 (1957) 1315.

    Google Scholar 

  49. D. McHENRY and J. KARNI, ibid. 29 (1958) 829.

    Google Scholar 

  50. K. J. SEEFRIED, H. GESUND and G. PINCUS, J. Mater. 2 (1967) 703.

    Google Scholar 

  51. G. P. CHAPMAN, Concrete (London) 2 (1968) 77.

    Google Scholar 

  52. H. F. GONNERMAN, Bulletin No. 16 (Structural Research Laboratory, Lewis Institute, Chicago, 1925) pp. 1–18. Reprinted from Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mater. 25 (II) (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  53. A. M. NEVILLE, Mag. Conc. Res. August (1956) 101.

    Google Scholar 

  54. B. BRESLER and K. S. PISTER, J. Amer. Conc. Inst. 30 (1958) 321.

    Google Scholar 

  55. O. T. SIGVALDASON, Symposium on Concrete Quality (papers), Cement and Concrete Association, London, November (1964) pp. 162–71.

    Google Scholar 

  56. D. H. TROLLOPE and E. T. BROWN, Proceedings of the First International Congress on Rock Mechanics, Lisbon Vol. 1, (Laboratorie Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, 1966) 515–19.

    Google Scholar 

  57. C. FAIRHURST and N. G. W. COOK, ibid., (Laboratorie Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, 1966) Vol. 1, pp. 687–92.

    Google Scholar 

  58. P. PANDEY and D. P. SINGH, Engng Geol. 22 (1986) 281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. A. NÁDAI, “Plasticity” (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1931) Ch. 17.

    Google Scholar 

  60. C. W. FAIRHURST, J. Dent. Res. 39 (1960) 812.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. G. WISEMAN, J. LEVY and B. AISENSTEIN, Proceedings of the First International Congress on Rock Mechanics, Lisbon, Vol. 1 (Laboratorie Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, 1966) pp. 483–87.

    Google Scholar 

  62. G. HONDROS, Austral. J. Appl. Sci. 10 (1959) 243.

    Google Scholar 

  63. C. FAIRHURST, Int. J. Rock. Mining Sci. 1 (1964) 535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. G. PINCUS and H. GESUND, Mater. Res. Stand. 5 (1965) 454.

    Google Scholar 

  65. F. L. L. B. CARNEIRO and A. BARCELLOS, “Résistance á la Traction des bétons” (Instituto Nacional de Technologia, Rio de Janeiro 1949).

    Google Scholar 

  66. F. L. L. B. CARNEIRO and A. BARCELLOS, RILEM Bull. 13 (1953) 97.

    Google Scholar 

  67. J. BOSSI, ibid. 22 (1964) 9.

    Google Scholar 

  68. H. HERTZ, “Gesammelte Werke”, Vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1985) Ch. 15, pp. 283–7.

    Google Scholar 

  69. M. MESNAGER, Comt. Rend. Acad. Sci. (1901) 1286.

    Google Scholar 

  70. L. LÉCRIVAIN and B. LAMBERT, L’Ind. Céram. 534 (1961) 367.

    Google Scholar 

  71. W. F. CHEN, J. Eng. Mech. Div. ASCE Proc. 96 (1970) 341.

    Google Scholar 

  72. T. AKAZAWA, RILEM Bull. 16 (1953) 12.

    Google Scholar 

  73. I. LYSE and R. JOHANSEN, ibid. 14, new series (1962) 125.

    Google Scholar 

  74. B. R. SEN and A. L. BHARARA, Indian Conc. J. 35 (1961) 85.

    Google Scholar 

  75. W. E. GRIEB and G. WERNER, Proc. ASTM 62 (1962) 972.

    Google Scholar 

  76. M. M. FROCHT, “Photoelasticity”, Vol. 2 (Wiley, London, 1948) Ch. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  77. S. P. TIMOSHENKO and J. N. GOODIER, “Theory of Elasticity”, 3rd Edn (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  78. R. M. SPRIGGS, L. A. BRISSETTE and T. VASILOS, Mater. Res. Stand. 4 (1964) 218.

    Google Scholar 

  79. S. W. FREIMAN and L. L. HENCH, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 55 (1972) 86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. R. H. MARION and J. K. JOHNSTONE, Ceram. Bull. 56 (1977) 998.

    Google Scholar 

  81. P. D. WILLIAMS, MSc thesis, Victoria University of Manchester, UK (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  82. M. C. SHAW, P. M. BRAIDEN and G. J. DESALVO, J. Eng. Ind. 97 (1975) 77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. I. ALI, A. B. LINGAM and K. RAMCHANDER, Indian Conc. J. 30 (1956) 106.

    Google Scholar 

  84. R. E. MOORE, PhD thesis, University of Missouri, Rolla, USA (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  85. L. L. SIMON, Construct. Rev. (Sydney) August (1956) 23.

  86. P. D. WILLIAMS and D. C. SMITH, J. Dent. Res. 50 (1971) 436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. D. J. McNEELY and S. D. LASH, J. Amer. Conc. Inst. Proc. 60 (1963) 751.

    Google Scholar 

  88. C. ZELGER, Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 51 (1956) 139.

    Google Scholar 

  89. A. RUDNICK, A. R. HUNTER and F. C. HOLDEN, Mater. Res. Stand. April (1963) 283.

  90. O. ZIDAN, E. ASMUSSEN and K. D. JØRGENSEN, Scand. J. Dent. Res. 88 (1980) 285.

    Google Scholar 

  91. L. EHRNFORD, Acta Odontol. Scand. 39 (1981) 71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. A. S. ROGOWSKI, PhD thesis, Iowa State University, USA (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  93. W. OLSZAK, S. KAJFASZ and J. PIERTRZYKOWSKI, Conc. Constr. Engng. 9 (1957) 326.

    Google Scholar 

  94. L. EHRNFORD, Swed. Dent. J. 4 (1980) 201.

    Google Scholar 

  95. R. J. ROARK, “Bodies Under Direct Bearing and Shear Stress, Formulas for Stress and Strain”, 3rd Edn (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1954) Ch. 13.

    Google Scholar 

  96. W. J. O’BRIEN and G. RYGE, “An outline of dental materials and their selection” (Saunders, Philadelphia, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  97. H. R. THOMAS and V. A. HOERSCH, Eng. Exp. Sta. Univ. Ill. Bull. 212 (1930) 7.

    Google Scholar 

  98. G. WIJK, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 15 (1978) 149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. R. BERENBAUM and I. BRODIE, J. Inst. Fuel 32 (1959) 320.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Idem., Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 10 (1959) 281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. A. E. GREEN and G. I. TAYLOR, Proc. Roy. Soc. 173A (1939) 162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. H. ÔKUBO, Phil. Mag. 27 (1939) 508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. M. MELLOR and I. HAWKES, Engng. Geol. 5 (1971) 173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. A. V. G. KRISHNAYYA and Z. EISENSTEIN, Can. Geotech. J. 11 (1974) 632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. J. J. BREEN and J. E. STEPHENS, J. Mater. ASTM 1 (1966) 66.

    Google Scholar 

  106. N. S. BAWA, Indian Conc. J. 31 (1957) 90.

    Google Scholar 

  107. E. ADDINALL and P. HACKETT, Civil Engng. Public Works Rev.October (1964) 1250.

  108. F. EDELMAN, Quart. Appl. Math. 7 (1949) 334.

    Google Scholar 

  109. J. M. PRENTIS, Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 5 (1952) 253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. ANON., Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 15 (1978) 99.

  111. R. W. PHILLIPS, M. L. SWARTZ, R. D. NORMAN, R. J. SCHNELL and B. F. NIBLACK, J. Prosthet. Dent. 19 (1968) 144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. C. McD. HANNAH and D. C. SMITH, ibid. 26 (1971) 314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. F. A. YOUNG and H. G. F. WILSDORF, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 6 (1972) 81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. T. ABE, M. ADACHI and H. OTANI, Biomater. Med. Dev. Artif. Organs 1 (1973) 659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. A. KORAN and K. ASGAR, J. Amer. Dent. Assoc. 75 (1967) 912.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. R. L. MACCHI and R. G. CRAIG, ibid. 78 (1969) 328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. K. D. JØRGENSEN, Acta Odont. Scand. 30 (1972) 33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. J. B. DENNISON and R. G. CRAIG, J. Amer. Dent. Assoc. 85 (1972) 101–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. H. LEE and M. L. SWARTZ, J. Dent. Res. 51 (1972) 756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. M. OHASHI, A. L. WARE and A. R. DOCKING, Austral. Dent. J. 20 (1975) 176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. J. M. POWERS, J. W. FARAH and R. G. CRAIG, J. Amer. Dent. Assoc. 92 (1976) 588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. P. G. BOSWELL and L. STEVENS, Austral. Dent. J. 24 (1979) 238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. T. MORI and M. YAMANE, ibid. 27 (1982) 30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. C. DELARGE, J. R. BAUSCH and C. L. DAVIDSON, J. Prosthet. Dent. 49 (1988) 349.

    Google Scholar 

  125. T. MORI, J. Dent. Res. 56 (1977) D193, Abstract 11.

    Google Scholar 

  126. L. EHRNFORD, Acta Odontol. Scand. 39 (1981) 55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. A. DENIS, Ind. Miner. Mines Carrières 68 (1986) 247.

    Google Scholar 

  128. D. KIRKHAM, M. F. DE BOODT and L. DE LEENHEER, Soil Sci. 87 (1959) 141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. C. J. ENDICOTT, W. LOWENTHAL and H. M. GROSS, J. Pharm. Sci. 50 (1961) 343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. E. SHOTTON and D. GANDERTON, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 12 (1960) suppl. 87T.

  131. J. T. FELL and J. M. NEWTON, ibid. 20 (1968) 657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. W. A. RITSCHEL, F. S. SKINNER and R. SCHLUMPF, Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae 44 (1969) 547.

    Google Scholar 

  133. J. T. FELL and J. M. NEWTON, J. Pharm. Sci. 59 (1970) 688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. J. M. NEWTON, G. ROWLEY, J. T. FELL, D. G. PEACOCK and K. RIDGWAY, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 23 (1971) suppl. 195S.

  135. P. YORK and N. PILPEL, ibid. 25 (1973) suppl. IP.

  136. S. ESEZOBO and N. PILPEL, ibid. 28 (1976) 8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. T. R. R. KURUP and N. PILPEL, Powder Technol. 16 (1977) 179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. J. R. BRITTEN and N. PILPEL, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 30 (1978) 673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. P. J. JAROSZ and E. L. PARROTT, J. Pharm. Sci. 71 (1982) 607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. J. T. FELL, R. C. ROWE and J. M. NEWTON, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 31 (1979) 69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. J. E. REES and P. J. RUE, Drug. Dev. Ind. Pharm. 4 (1978) 131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. C. I. PATEL and J. N. STANIFORTH, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 39 (1987) 647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. A. RITTER and H. SUCKER, Pharm. Tech. 4 (1980) 109.

    Google Scholar 

  144. A. N. SMITH, Pharm. J. 163 (1949) 227.

    Google Scholar 

  145. A. McCALLUM, J. BUCHTER and R. ALBRECHT, J. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. 44 (1955) 83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. H. J. FAIRCHILD and F. MICHEL, J. Pharm. Sci. 50 (1961) 966.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. K. RIDGWAY, Pharm. J. 205 (1970) 709.

    Google Scholar 

  148. A. N. SMITH, ibid. 109 (1949) 477.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Y. HIRAMATSU and Y. OKA, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 3 (1966) 89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. J. M. NEWTON, G. ROWLEY and J. T. FELL, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 24 (1972) 503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. J. E. REES and E. SHOTTON, ibid. 21 (1969) 731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. E. P. LAUTENSCHLAGER, J. J. JACOBS, G. W. MARSHALL and P. R. MEYER, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 10 (1976) 929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. J. L. FERRACANE and E. H. GREENER, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 20 (1986) 121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. H. L. PRICE and K. H. MURRAY, J. Eng. Mater. Technol. 95H (1973) 186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Y. HIRAMATSU, M. NISHIHARA and Y. OKA, J. Mining Met. Inst. Jpn. 70 (1954) 285.

    Google Scholar 

  156. C. GURNEY, “Symposium on Properties of Metallic Surfaces” (Institute of Metals, London, 1952) p. 145–160.

    Google Scholar 

  157. J. C. JAEGER, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 4 (1967) 219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. W. WEI BULL, “A Statistical Theory of the Strength of Materials”, Publication no. 151 (Royal Swedish Institute for Engineering Research, Stockholm, 1939).

    Google Scholar 

  159. P. KITTL and G. DIAZ, Res Mechanica 24 (1988) 99.

    Google Scholar 

  160. O. VARDAR and I. FINNIE, Int. J. Fract. 11 (1975) 495.

    Google Scholar 

  161. K. T. S. R. IYENGAR, K. CHANDRASHEKHARA and K. T. KRISHNASWAMY, RILEM Bull. 21 (1963) 39.

    Google Scholar 

  162. P. E. D. MORGAN and H. SCOTT, NASA CR-1737 (The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, 1971) pp. 1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  163. E. P. LAUTENSCHLAGER and J. K. HARCOURT, J. Dent. Res. 49 (1970) 175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. J. N. GOODIER, Trans. ASME 54 (1932) 173.

    Google Scholar 

  165. M. F. KAPLAN, J. Amer. Conc. Inst. 60 (1963) 853.

    Google Scholar 

  166. S. ROSENHAUPT, A. C. V. RIEL and L. WIJLER, Bull. Res. Counc. Israel 6C (1957) 13.

    Google Scholar 

  167. D. W. JORDAN and I. EVANS, Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 13 (1962) 75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. K. T. S. R. IYENGAR and K. CHANDRASHEKHARA, ibid. 13 (1962) 501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. I. FINNIE and S. VAIDYANATHAN, “Symposium on the Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics”, Vol. 1 (Plenum, New York, 1974) pp. 231–44.

    Google Scholar 

  170. E. STERNBERG and F. ROSENTHAL, J. Appl. Mech. 19 (1952) 413.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Y. OKA and H. MAJIMA, Can. Metall. Q. 9 (1970) 429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. P. HABIB, D. RADENKOVIĆ and J. SALENCON, Dechema Monographien 57 (1967) 127.

    Google Scholar 

  173. R. J. VERRALL, J. Dent. 4 (1976) 11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. H. G. PAULMANN, Dissertation Westf. Wihelmsuniversität, Münster (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  175. Idem, Proceedings of the First International Congress on Rock Mechanics, Lisbon, Vol. 1 (1966) 125–31.

    Google Scholar 

  176. A. HADAS and D. WOLF, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 48 (1984) 1157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. A. S. ROGOWSKI, W. C. MOLDENHAUER and D. KIRKHAM, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 32 (1968) 720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  178. A. S. ROGOWSKI and D. KIRKHAM, Med. Fac. Landbouww, Rijksuniv. Gent 41 (1976) 85.

    Google Scholar 

  179. M. V. BRAUNACK and A. R. DEXTER, in “Modification of Soil Structure”, edited by W.W. Emerson (Wiley, New York, 1978) Ch. 14.

    Google Scholar 

  180. A. R. DEXTER, J. Terramech. 12 (1975) 3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. M. M. FROCHT and F. GUERNSEY, Report 1148 (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1952) pp. 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  182. N. ARBITER, C. C. HARRIS and G. A. STAMBOLTZIS, Trans. Soc. Min. Eng. AIME 244 (1969) 118.

    Google Scholar 

  183. M. A. MEYERS and P. P. MEYERS, ibid. 274 (1983) 1875.

    Google Scholar 

  184. M. A. MEYERS and T. TANTEVEE, Metall Trans. B Process Metall. 17B (1986) 217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. E. BREVAL, J. S. JENNINGS, S. KOMARNENI, N. H. MACMILLAN and E. P. LUNGHOFER, J. Mater. Sci. 22 (1987) 2124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. A. I. LUR’E, “Three-dimensional Problems in the Theory of Elasticity” (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1964) pp. 361–7.

    Google Scholar 

  187. H. YOSHIKAWA and T. SATA, Sci. papers of Inst. Phys. Chem. Res. 54 (1960) 389.

    Google Scholar 

  188. J. N. BRECKER, J. Eng. Ind. 96 (1974) 1253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  189. H. RUMPF, F. FAULHABER, K. SCHÖNERT and H. UMHAUER, Dechema Monographien 57 (1967) 85.

    Google Scholar 

  190. K. STEIER and K. SCHÖNERT, ibid. 69 (1972) 167.

    Google Scholar 

  191. J. Y. WONG, S. E. LAURICH-MCINTYRE, A. K. KHAUND and R. C. BRADT, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 70 (1987) 785.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  192. B. A. KSCHINKA, S. PERRELLA, H. NGUYEN and R. C. BRADT, ibid. 69 (1986) 467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  193. B. H. BERGSTROM, C. L. SOLLENBERGER and W. MITCHELL, Trans. AIME 220 (1961) 367.

    Google Scholar 

  194. B. H. BERGSTROM and C. L. SOLLENBERGER, ibid. 220 (1961) 373.

    Google Scholar 

  195. J. J. GILVARRY and B. H. BERGSTROM, ibid. 220 (1961) 381.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Idem, J. Appl. Phys. 32 (1961) 400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  197. J. J. GILVARRY, ibid. 32 (1961) 391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  198. B. A. BILBY, J. Mater. Sci. 15 (1980) 535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  199. H. RUMPF and K. SCHÖNERT, Dechema Monographien 69 (1972) 51.

    Google Scholar 

  200. K. SCHÖNERT, “Single Particle Crushing of Polymers”, Harold Heywood Memorial Syposium, Loughborough University of Technology (The University of Loughborough, Loughborough, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  201. P. J. JAROSZ and E. L. PARROTT, J. Pharm. Sci. 72 (1983) 530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  202. K. NAGAI, M. OHASHI and H. HABU, J. Nihon. Uni. Sch. Dent. 10 (1968) 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  203. K. NAGAI, M. OHASHI, H. HABU and K. NEMOTO, ibid. 10 (1968) 115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  204. D. V. D’ANDREA, R. L. FISCHER and D. E. FOGELSON, Q. Colo. Sch. Mines 59 (1944) 623.

    Google Scholar 

  205. D. C. DRUCKER and W. PRAGER, Q. Appl. Maths. 10 (1952) 157.

    Google Scholar 

  206. D. C. DRUCKER, W. PRAGER and H. J. GREENBERG, ibid. 9 (1952) 381.

    Google Scholar 

  207. D. C. DRUCKER, J. Appl. Mech. Trans. ASME 76 (1954) 71.

    Google Scholar 

  208. W. F. CHEN, written communication (1988).

  209. M. W. HYLAND and W. F. CHEN, Amer. Conc. Inst. J. 67 (1970) 228.

    Google Scholar 

  210. W. F. CHEN and D. C. DRUCKER, J. Eng. Mech. Div. ASCE Proc. 95 (1969) 955.

    Google Scholar 

  211. G. G. MEYERHOF, Mag. Conc. Res. April (1953) 107.

  212. P. J. F. WRIGHT, The Engineer 203 (1957) 639.

    Google Scholar 

  213. A. TORRANCE and B. W. DARVELL, Austral. Dent. J., in press.

  214. BS 240, (British Standards Institution, London, 1986).

  215. S. TIMOSHENKO, “Strength of Materials”, 3rd Edn (Krieger, New York, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  216. D. R. REICHMUTH, Proceeding of the Fifth Rock Mechanics Symposium, (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1962) pp. 33–60.

    Google Scholar 

  217. E. SIEBEL and A. POMP, Mitt. aus d. K.-W. Inst. f. Eisenforsch 9 (1927) 157.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong, USA

    B. W. Darvell

Authors
  1. B. W. Darvell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Darvell, B.W. Uniaxial compression tests and the validity of indirect tensile strength. J Mater Sci 25, 757–780 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03372161

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03372161

Keywords

Search

Navigation