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Effect of soil moisture on activity and dynamics of Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma harzianum

Der Einfluss der Bodenfeuchte auf die Aktivität und Dynamik von Rhizoctonia solani und Trichoderma harzianum

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Abstract

The effect of soil moisture on activity and dynamics of the soilborne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani and of its antagonist Trichoderma harzianum were studied in soil under greenhouse conditions. Pots filled with a mixture of soil and sand were inoculated at the same time with R. Solani AG-4, produced on rice grains, and with T. Harzianum, produced on wheat bran. Soil moisture was periodically monitored and kept at four levels varying from − 0.0007 to − 1.03 MPa. To test the fungal activity, bean seeds were sown immediately after soil infestation and 20, 60, 180 and 360 days after soil infestation (DAI), and 3, 6, 12 and 18 DAI in a complementary experiment. The pathogen effectively survived in the soil in absence of host tissue at least one year, although the severity of root rot and the damage to plants were lower in the test at 360 DAI than in the previous ones. Soil moisture did not affect the severity of root rot. The pathogen could more easily be recovered from drier soils, but in the presence of T. Harzianum population density of R. Solani was reduced, except in the driest soil. T. Harzianum could sometimes compensate for negative effects of R. Solani on emergence and plant weight, which was especially observed in the first activity test and in the test carried out 180 DAI. However, when the pathogen was well established in the soil, antagonistic protection was lower. Antagonistic effects were hardly detectable at 360 DAI. The antagonistic ability and activities of T. Harzianum were greater in soils held at intermediate soil moisture levels than in wet or dry soils.

Zusammenfassung

Der Einfluss der Bodenfeuchte auf die Aktivität und Dynamik des bodenbürtigen Pathogens Rhizoctonia solani und seines Antagonisten Trichoderma harzianum wurde unter Gewächshausbedingungen im Boden untersucht. Das Inokulum von R. Solani AG-4 wurde auf Reiskörnern, das von T. Harzianum auf Weizenkleie produziert. Beide Pilze wurden gleichzeitig in ein Erde/Sand-Gemisch in Töpfen inokuliert. Die Bodenfeuchte wurde regelmäßig kontrolliert und auf vier Stufen zwischen −0,0007 und −1,03 MPa eingestellt. Um die pilzliche Aktivität zu testen, wurden Bohnensamen in die infizierte Erde ausgesät, und zwar sofort nach der Inokulation bzw. 20, 60, 180 und 360 Tage später. In einem ergänzenden Versuch erfolgte die Aussaat bereits 3, 6, 12 und 18 Tage nach Inokulation. Der Erreger überdauerte im Boden in Abwesenheit der Wirtspflanze mindestens ein Jahr, wobei aber die Befallsstärke der Wurzelfäule und der Schaden an der Bohnenpflanze beim Test am 360. Tag wesentlich niedriger waren als an den vorher getesteten Terminen. Die Bodenfeuchte beeinflusste die Befallsstärke der Wurzelfäule nicht. Das Pathogen konnte bei geringer Bodenfeuchte leicht wieder aus dem Boden isoliert werden. Bei Anwesenheit von T. Harzianum war die Populationsdichte von R. Solani vermindert, außer in der Variante mit größter Trockenheit. Der Antagonist konnte manchmal die negativen Effekte von R. Solani auf das Auflaufen und das Pflanzengewicht kompensieren, insbesondere im ersten Aktivitätstest sowie in dem Test nach einem halben Jahr. Wenn der Erreger sich gut im Boden etabliert hatte, war die antagonistische Wirkung allerdings niedriger. Antagonistische Effekte waren nach 360 Tagen kaum noch nachweisbar. Die antagonistische Wirkung und die Aktivität von T. Harzianum waren bei mittleren Bodenfeuchten deutlicher höher als in nassen bzw. trockenen Böden.

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Paula, T.J., Hau, B. Effect of soil moisture on activity and dynamics of Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma harzianum. J Plant Dis Prot 114, 126–132 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03356720

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