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Effects of inoculum depth on the activity of Rhizoctonia solani and on bean root rot development in sterile soil

Einfluss der Inokulumtiefe auf die Aktivität von Rhizoctonia solani und auf die Rhizoctonia-Fäule in sterilem Boden

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Abstract

The effects of different inoculum depths on the activity of Rhizoctonia solani and the development of root rot on beans were studied under greenhouse conditions. Inoculum was grown on rice grains and buried at depths of 0–5 cm, 510 cm, 10–15 cm and 15–20 cm. Experiments were carried out in PVC cylinders with removable rings, where the sowing was performed directly in infested soil, and in pots, where seeds were sown in the top layer (3 cm deep). Sowing was done immediately after soil infestation, as well as at 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after the soil infestation. In the cylinders, high disease severities were observed at all evaluation dates; emergence and plant weight were reduced by R. solani independently of the depth in which the inoculum was originally buried. The pathogen activity was not consistently reduced after 90 days in absence of host tissue in both experiments, although effects of R. solani on emergence and plant growth decreased over time. Moreover, the pathogen could very hardly be recovered from soil samples collected above the layer originally infested in the cylinders when it was deeply buried. In the pots, disease incidence and severity were high, and emergence and weight of plants were consistently reduced at all evaluation dates when the inoculum was confined in the upper 10 cm of soil. Damaging effects of R. solani on emergence and plant growth were reduced with deeper placement of inoculum. Emergence and plant weight were not affected at any evaluation date when the inoculum was buried deeper than 15 cm, although infected plants were frequently observed. As an epidemiological consequence, the primary inoculum for the next crops would be increased. The results indicate that the recommendation of deep burial of R. solani inoculum is not always valid, especially not in tropical lands, where it is common to prepare the soil twice or three times a year, considering that soil movements can deposit inoculum close to the soil surface.

Zusammenfassung

Um die Aktivität von Rhizoctonia solani in unterschiedlichen Bodentiefen zu testen, wurde Inokulum des Pathogens, das auf Reissamen produziert wurde, in Bodentiefen von 0–5, 510, 10–15 und 15–20 cm eingearbeitet. In den Experimenten mit PVC-Zylindern, die aus entfernbaren Ringen bestanden, wurden die Bohnensamen in die infizierte Bodenschicht gesät, während die Aussaat der Bohnen in den Experimenten, die in Töpfen durchgeführt wurden, immer in die obere Bodenschicht (3 cm tief) erfolgte. In beiden Fällen wurde die Aussaat unmittelbar nach dem Ausbringen des Inokulums bzw. nach 15, 30, 60 und 90 Tagen durchgeführt. In den Experimenten mit den Zylindern war die Befallsstärke in allen Tests hoch und die Auflaufrate sowie das Pflanzengewicht waren durch den Schadpilz verringert, und zwar unabhängig von der Tiefe, in die das Inokulum ursprünglich ausgebracht wurde. In beiden Experimenten war nach 90 Tagen die Aktivität des Pathogens bei Abwesenheit des Wirtsgewebe nicht konsistent vermindert, auch wenn der Einfluss von R. solani auf das Auflaufen und das Pflanzenwachstum mit der Zeit abnahm. Allerdings war eine Isolierung des Erregers aus der Bodenschicht oberhalb des ursprünglich infizierten Zylinderbereichs nur in geringem Maße möglich, wenn das Inokulum in einer tiefen Bodenschicht überdauerte. Wenn das Inokulum in den Topfexperimenten in die beiden oberen Bodenschichten (bis 10 cm Tiefe) ausgebracht wurde, waren die Befallshäufigkeit und -stärke an allen Erhebungsterminen hoch, die Auflaufrate und das Gewicht der Pflanzen dagegen verringert. Eine tiefere Ausbringung des Inokulums bewirkte geringere Schäden. Wenn das Inokulum tiefer als 15 cm in den Boden eingearbeitet wurde, waren bei allen Tests weder die Auflaufrate noch das Pflanzengewicht reduziert, obwohl an den Pflanzen häufig Infektionen festgestellt wurden, die das Primärinokulum für Epidemien auf den nachfolgenden Wirtspflanzen erhöhen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Empfehlung, das Inokulum von R. solani tief einzugraben, nicht immer gültig ist, insbesondere nicht für tropische Länder, wo es üblich ist, den Boden zwei- bis dreimal pro Jahr zu bearbeiten, wodurch das Inokulum wieder in obere Bodenschichten gelangen kann.

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Paula, T.J., Rotter, C. & Hau, B. Effects of inoculum depth on the activity of Rhizoctonia solani and on bean root rot development in sterile soil. J Plant Dis Prot 115, 172–177 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03356258

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